Relation of smoking behaviour with severity of COVID-19 infections in a sample of Iraqi patients

Authors

  • Khalida Ibrahim Noel Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-7087
  • Nibras Hatim Khamees Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-0893
  • Mohammed Emad Shukri Department of Anatomy, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-8702
  • Rana Hani Ghanim Department of Family Medicine, Al-Mosul Directorate for Primary Health Care, Mosul, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v18i1.77865

Keywords:

COVID-19, smoking, cigarette, hookah

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References

World Health Organization. WHO statement: Tobacco use and COVID-19. 11 May 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/11-05-2020-who-statement-tobacco-use-and-covid-19. [Accessed on 10 Jan 2025]

Changeux JP, Amoura Z, Rey FA, Miyara M. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. C R Biol. 2020 Jun 5;343(1):33-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.32388/FXGQSB

Alraddadi BM, Watson JT, Almarashi A, Abedi GR, Turkistani A, Sadran M, Housa A, Almazroa MA, Alraihan N, Banjar A, Albalawi E, Alhindi H, Choudhry AJ, Meiman JG, Paczkowski M, Curns A, Mounts A, Feikin DR, Marano N, Swerdlow DL, Gerber SI, Hajjeh R, Madani TA. Risk Factors for Primary Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Illness in Humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jan;22(1):49-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2201.151340

Danielsen AC, Lee KM, Boulicault M, Rushovich T, Gompers A, Tarrant A, Reiches M, Shattuck-Heidorn H, Miratrix LW, Richardson SS. Sex disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in the United States: Quantifying and contextualizing variation. Soc Sci Med. 2022 Feb;294:114716. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114716

Kharroubi SA, Diab-El-Harake M. Sex-differences in COVID-19 diagnosis, risk factors and disease comorbidities: A large US-based cohort study. Front Public Health. 2022 Nov 17;10:1029190. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1029190

Scully EP, Haverfield J, Ursin RL, Tannenbaum C, Klein SL. Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Jul;20(7):442-447. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8

Kloc M, Ghobrial RM, Kubiak JZ. How nicotine can inhibit cytokine storm in the lungs and prevent or lessen the severity of COVID-19 infection? Immunol Lett. 2020 Aug;224:28-29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2020.06.002

World Health Organization, Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 2020. Available from 30 January: https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)

Published

2025-02-05

How to Cite

Noel, K. I., Khamees, N. H., Shukri, M. E., & Ghanim, R. H. (2025). Relation of smoking behaviour with severity of COVID-19 infections in a sample of Iraqi patients . Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal, 18(1), e77865. https://doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v18i1.77865

Issue

Section

Research Letter

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