Photocatalytic Nanocomposites for Amoxicillin Degradation: Mechanistic Insights, Kinetics, and Environmental Implications

Authors

  • Pandurangan Vijayalakshmi Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
  • Lakshmi Thangavelu Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
  • Anandhi Kandhaswamy Department of Microbiology, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Arts and Science for Women (Autonomous), Perambalur - 621 212 Tamil Nadu, India.
  • Moyad Shahwan Centre of Medical and Bio Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • Rekha Thiruvengadam Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
  • Muthu Thiruvengadam Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
  • Mainul Haque Department of Research, Karnavati University of Research, Karnavati University, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat, India.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v24i3.82921

Keywords:

Photocatalytic nanocomposites, Wastewater treatment, Heterojunction formation, Elemental doping, Advanced oxidation processes, Visible light photocatalysis, Amoxicillin degradation, Charge separation mechanisms, Ecotoxicity, Green synthesis route, Biological remediation.

Abstract

This review comprehensively examines current progress in developing emerging photocatalytic nanocomposites for the degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) in wastewater treatment systems. A range of advanced nanomaterials, including mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN), TiO2 nanoparticles, sulfur-doped C3N5/DyFeO3, and BiVO4, have demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activity underneath visible light, primarily through the generation for reactive species such as hydroxyl as well as sulfate radicals. Special attention is given to innovative modification strategies, like heterojunction formation, elemental doping, and green synthesis routes that significantly improve photocatalytic efficiency and pollutant selectivity. Notably, MXenebased nanocomposites have achieved AMX removal efficiencies approaching 99%. The review delves into the superior photocatalytic mechanisms underlying these materials, including S-scheme heterojunctions and hybrid configurations like Cs3PMo12O40/MnIn2S4, contributing to enhanced charge separation and interfacial charge transfer. Emerging systems such as α-Fe2O3/WO3/activated carbon and Co3O4/CdO/clinoptilolite are also highlighted for their promising degradation performance under optimized kinetic conditions. Furthermore, the integration of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) containing UV/chloramine and ozonation is discussed for their synergistic potential in reducing AMX toxicity and improving degradation rates. Complementary biological approaches, including Trametes versicolor fungi, are explored as eco-friendly alternatives for pharmaceutical wastewater remediation. This review provides critical insights into the mechanisms, kinetic optimization strategies, and ecological considerations associated with nanocompositebased photocatalysis. Additionally, it outlines current challenges and forthcoming research directions to advance sustainable and efficient technologies for antibiotic-contaminated wastewater treatment.

BJMS, Vol. 24 No. 03 July’25 Page : 709-730

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Published

2025-07-25

How to Cite

Vijayalakshmi , P., Thangavelu, L., Kandhaswamy , A., Shahwan, M., Thiruvengadam, R., Thiruvengadam , M., & Haque, M. (2025). Photocatalytic Nanocomposites for Amoxicillin Degradation: Mechanistic Insights, Kinetics, and Environmental Implications. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 24(3), 709–730. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v24i3.82921

Issue

Vol. 24 No. 3 (2025)

Section

Review Article

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Pandurangan Vijayalakshmi , Lakshmi Thangavelu, Anandhi Kandhaswamy , Moyad Shahwan, Rekha Thiruvengadam, Muthu Thiruvengadam , Mainul Haque

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