A journal sponsored by the Ibn Sina Trust. Full-text articles available. NLM ID=101563859 Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences is included on DOAJ. Journal Metrics CiteScore Tracker 2024: Updated on April 05, 2025 1.5 = 886 Citations to date / 583 Documents to date Powered by Scopus ResearchGate Journal Impact (2013): 0.62 Scimago Journal Rank (2024): 0.278 WoS Report 2022-2023: Impact Factor 2022: 0.9 [The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is a journal-level metric calculated from data indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection.]
Authors who publish in the Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science agree to the following terms that: Authors retain copyright and grant Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science the right of first publication of the work. Articles in Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY-4.0.This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as greater citation of published work.
Bibliometric Analysis of Literature on Psychological Stress and Head and Neck Cancer (1977-2025)
Psychological stress has been increasingly recognized as an important factor influencing quality of life (QoL), treatment response, and overall outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive overview of literature exploring the relationship between psychological stress and HNC from 1987 to 2025. The data were retrieved from the Dimensions database, analyzed using the Biblioshiny application of the R package, and reported according to the GLOBAL guidelines for bibliometric reporting. A total of 206 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results showed a steady increase in publications over time, with an annual growth rate of 7.39% and an average of 23.53 citations per document. The USA led in publication output and citation impact. The most relevant journals were Supportive Care in Cancer and Head & Neck, indicating an integration of psychosocial aspects within oncology research. The thematic analysis based on keywords demonstrates an integration of clinical oncology with psychosocial, suggesting a transition toward holistic, patientcentered cancer care. Highly cited articles were focused on psychological distress, the psychosocial impact of treatment, and the importance of supportive interventions for both patients and caregivers. Although research exploring the link between psychological stress and HNC has been ongoing for many years, the overall volume of published studies remains low. The findings underscore the need for research in low- and middleincome countries and stronger cross-disciplinary partnerships in the psycho-oncology, medical, and psychological domains for the holistic care of cancer patients. This study contributes to the understanding of psychosocial research in HNC patients and offers directions for future efforts to integrate psychological care into comprehensive cancer management. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 14-27
Copyright (c) 2026 Namrata Dagli, Rushabh Dagli, Santosh Kumar, Mainul Haque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Children with Autism in ASEAN and Malaysia Through a Public Health Lens: A Scoping Review of Current Research
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represents a critical public health challenge globally, yet research within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, particularly Malaysia, remains limited and fragmented. Understanding the current landscape of ASD research from a public health perspective is essential to inform evidence-based policy development and improve service delivery for affected individuals and families. This scoping review aimed to systematically map existing research on autism spectrum disorder in ASEAN countries and Malaysia, examining key domains—epidemiology, screening and diagnosis, intervention approaches, and family experiences—through a public health lens. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, for publications between 2000 and 2024. Studies were included if they addressed ASD from a public health perspective within the ASEAN region. Data extraction captured study characteristics, methodologies, key findings, and public health implications, with thematic synthesis employed to categorize results. This scoping review uncovered several pertinent publications, including a significant portion that specifically addresses Malaysia. Four key research areas were identified: studies on disease prevalence, practices related to screening and diagnosis, various intervention strategies, and the experiences of families. The reported prevalence rates of a particular developmental disorder among children were notably lower than global averages, suggesting considerable underdetection. Delays in obtaining diagnoses ranged widely, exceeding the recommended timeframes. Ongoing challenges included ineffective surveillance systems, insufficient training for healthcare professionals, limited access to proven interventions, cultural stigma, and financial constraints faced by families. Substantial gaps persist in ASD research, policy, and practice within ASEAN and Malaysia. Urgent priorities include establishing robust surveillance systems, implementing universal screening programs, expanding diagnostic and intervention services, developing culturally appropriate support models, and prioritizing autism as a public health imperative requiring comprehensive, coordinated responses across healthcare, education, and social welfare sectors. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 28-37
Wan Farizatul Shima Wan Ahmad Fakurradzi
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit, Wan Farizatul Shima Wan Ahmad Fakurradzi, Halimatus Sakdiah Minhat, Mainul Haque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of clinical trials examining the impact of logotherapy on anxiety and depression in cancer patients
Background Individuals with cancer experience substantial distress, including anxiety and depression, due to disease burden and impending death. Aim Psycho-spiritual interventions such as logotherapy could enhance the mental health of these patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the impacts of logotherapy on depression and anxiety in patients with cancer. Materials and methods PubMed, Proquest, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. Cochrane Collaboration’s tool was utilized for the risk of bias assessment. A random-effect model was applied to estimate the pooled effect sizes. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software version 17. Results Twenty-five clinical trial studies were included in the systematic review. Twenty-three studies investigated the impact of logotherapy on depression and twenty studies were included to assess the effects of logotherapy on anxiety in cancer patients. The meta-analysis results showed a significant effect of logotherapy compared with routine care for anxiety (SMD: -9.38 [-17.50, -1.26], I2: 99.93%) and depression (SMD: -4.67 [-5.90, -3.44], I2: 96.29%). Other findings revealed no significant differences among the subgroups on group formation, cancer stage, and cancer type. Egger’s and Begg’s test showed potential risk of bias in studies. Conclusion This study demonstrated that logotherapy led to a significant improvement in anxiety and depression of patients with cancer. It seems that finding meaning in life could help cancer patients to deal with cancer adversities. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 38-51
Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Shaygan, Fateme Beheshtaeen, Reza Moshfeghinia, Davood Zarei, Sahar Khaki, Marzieh Kargar Jahromi, Ehsan Afzal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Family Experience in Caring for Patients with Stroke: An Integrative Review
Introduction After suffering a stroke, patients may experience limb paralysis, leading to a negative impact on their life and requiring longterm care both in the hospital and at home by the family. This integrative review identified scientific literature regarding family knowledge, roles, and support in caring patients with stroke. Methods This study was conducted as an integrative review. Article searches were conducted using ProQuest, Scopus, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Ebsco, and Garuda for publications from 2015 to 2024, with full text available in English or in Indonesian. This review was referred on the Whittemore and Knafl framework, and for quality control, we utilized the Clinical Appraisal Prospective Study (CAPS) instrument. Results Nine qualitative articles were thoroughly checked and carefully extracted to reach a conclusion regarding family experiences in caring for patients with stroke, emphasizing knowledge, support, and family roles. The need for tailored educational and support programs for families caring for patients with stroke emphasizes the importance of enhancing family knowledge and skills, involving them in care decisions, and providing comprehensive support from healthcare professionals. Conclusions The role of the family is crucial in caring for family members with stroke at home. However, this review high light several limitations and challenges in caring for patients with stroke, including a lack of knowledge, skills, and significant economic psychosocial burden. Therefore, families need different types of information support and interventions from health providers in order to carry out their responsibilities optimally. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 52-61
Copyright (c) 2026 Normalia Normalia, Andi Masyitha Irwan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physico-chemical and Phyto-chemical Standardization of Gul-e- Banafshah (Flowers of Viola odorata Linn.)
Background Banafshah, a powerful Unani medicine, needs to be standardized in order to maintain and evaluate its quality and safety and achieve the intended therapeutic effect. As a result, the perfect monograph that establishes its authenticity, quality, safety, and reproducibility will be prepared. This study investigates the phytochemical, physicochemical and pharmacognostic characteristics of Banfashah as well as their Total phenolic content. Aim The goal of the project is to compile the perfect Banafshah monograph. Methodology The WHO’s criteria were followed in the physical-chemical and preliminary phytochemical investigations. Result The powdered Banafshah was gritty, Yellowish brown in color, Slightly aromatic, Slightly pungent and bitter, and pleasant. The results showed that the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, weight loss after drying, and pH (1% and 10% solution) were, in order, 11.196±0.113, 3.126±0.017, 2.336±0.121, 12.366± 0.154,7.12±0.062, and6.01±0.060respectively. The hydroalcoholic extract had a lower TPC value of 12.894±0.513, indicating that the aqueous extract contains a higher concentration of phenolic compounds. The total phenolic content of the aqueous extract was found to be 23.063±0.646. The results of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of volatile oil, alkaloids, proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, terpenes, and glycosides, including cardiac glycosides. TLC spots in different solvent systems have been noted in day light and UV light, based on TLC examinations of diverse drug extracts obtained in different solvent systems. Conclusion Pharmacopoeial standards could be established based on the results mentioned above. There are no comparable data sets in this regard, thus our conclusions can be used as standard for upcoming references. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 62-67
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Wahab, Aisha Siddiqui, Umar Jahngir, Ayman Kirmani, Anwar Jamal, Rasikh Javaid http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of medical and surgical care for congenital heart defects in children
In a review of the literature discussed the organization of medical care for children with congenital heart disease; especially natural course of the disease; quality of life and social aspects; rehabilitation of patients. According to published research articles and monographs on the problems of congenital heart defects in children, it concluded that, despite the high achievement of modern medicine in this area, are still not fully explored optimitsatsiya medical care with congenital heart disease and as a consequence, improve the quality and duration of their life. An article is considered the analysis of frequency of congenital heart diseases (CHD) at the newborns that were on treatment in the regional perinatal center of the South Region Kazakhstan for 5 years (2020- 2024). Frequency of all heart diseases on the average has 9,1 to 1000, counting on children population. In the structure of pathology there are prevailed: ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery stenosis. By last years the quantity of the non correlated valvular defects are increased considerably. It is important to take into account this circumstance in clinical practice. There are reflected the features of the natural history of congenital heart diseases with a high lethality at children, especially in the first year of life. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 68-77
Copyright (c) 2026 Umirbayev Maxat, Kemelbekov Kanatzhan, Baimakhanova Bakhtygul, Anartayeva Mariya, Tanabayev Baimakhan, Sarsenbayeva Gulzat, Doltaeva Bibigul, Ospanova Elmira, Shoibek Azamat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Hybrid Whale Optimization and XGBoost Framework for Accurate Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduaction Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has become a worldwide health issue that has to be taken care of. Thus, predictive models have to be developed that are accurate and efficient to help with the early diagnosis and preventive measures. In this work, a hybrid of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) is proposed to improve T2DM prediction. Materials and Methods To optimize XGBoost hyperparameters for better generalization and fewer classification errors, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) was used. To assess the effectiveness and performance of the suggested approach, two benchmark datasets were evaluated: the PIMA Indian Diabetes dataset (PID) with 768 records and the Diabetes Risk Prediction dataset with 100,000 records. Results The WOA-XGBoost model recorded an accuracy of 98.7%, precision, recall, and F1-score of 99% for the dataset, which consists of 768 records, and an accuracy of 99.84%, precision - 99.91%, recall - 99.89% and F1-Score - 99.9% for the dataset, which consists of 100000 records. It was observed that the proposed method performed better than the other state-of-the-art methods. Conclusion The proposed WOA-XGBoost model demonstrates highly accurate and reliable prediction performance for T2DM across both small and large datasets. These results indicate that the hybrid optimizationbased approach is practical for early diagnosis and can be valuable in real-world clinical decision-support systems. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 78-90
Copyright (c) 2026 Prakash Arumugam, Abinayaa Sennanur Srinivasan, Divya Bhavani Mohan, Santosh Kumar, Miral Mehta, Mainul Haque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hepatic Effects of Chronic Occupational Cement Dust Exposure: Enzyme Profile Analysis
Background Occupational cement dust exposure poses significant health risks, with recent evidence suggesting potential impacts on liver function, particularly in developing countries with expanding cement industries. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic occupational cement dust exposure on liver function among male adults working in a cement factory in Bangladesh, assessing serum liver enzyme levels as biomarkers of hepatic stress. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2017 to August 2018 at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, and Ninety-two healthy males aged 20- 50 years were enrolled, including 46 workers exposed to cement dust for at least 2 years working in a Munshiganj-based cement mill in Bangladesh and 46 matched controls with no occupational exposure. Liver enzymes, Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed using automated analyzers. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test, the Pearson correlation coefficient test, and logistic regression. Result Mean liver enzyme levels (SGPT and SGOT) were significantly reduced while serum ALP increased dramatically in exposed workers compared to controls, with a p-value of <0.001. Though all values remained within the normal clinical range, the significant alterations in liver enzymes upon cement dust exposure may indicate early subclinical hepatic stress. The liver enzyme alterations likely reflect chronic, low-level inflammatory and oxidative challenges, with differences attributed to workplace exposure intensity and duration. Conclusions Chronic occupational exposure to cement dust may lead to measurable subclinical alterations in liver enzymes, suggesting early hepatic adaptation or stress despite an absence of overt disease. Regular monitoring and improved workplace safety measures are recommended to mitigate longterm risks. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 91-102
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahnuma Ahmad, Mainul Haque, Mahmuda Abira, Qazi Shamima Akhter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empowering Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: Assessing Self- Motivation, Self-Belief, and Self-Management Readiness
Self-management readiness is needed for acute coronary syndrome patients to improve health behavior to prevent recurrence. The aim of the research was to analyze the influence of self-motivation and self-belief on self-management readiness in acute coronary syndrome patients. The research design uses a cross-sectional study. A sample of 145 SKA patients was taken using accidental sampling technique. The variables measured are self-motivation, selfbelief and self-management readiness. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a linear regression test. The results showed that self-motivation had an effect on participation (0.003), self-motivation and perceived threat had an effect on therapeutic alliance (0.013; 0.057), self-motivation and perceived threat had an effect on goal setting (0.011; 0.003), self-motivation influence on selfevaluation (0.005) and self-motivation and perceived threat influences emotional control (0.003; 0.002). Conclusion: High self-motivation and increasing perceived threat in ACS patients have an impact on increasing self-management readiness. The practical implication of this research is the need for education from health workers, especially doctors and nurses, to increase self-motivation so that self-management readiness can increase. It is hoped that increasing self-management readiness will increase better health behavior so that there will be a reduction in relapses in patients. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 103-111
Copyright (c) 2026 Al Afik, Yuni Sufyanti Arif, Abu Bakar, Riza Fikriana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trajectory of ASIA Grade Improvement in Incomplete Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Following Surgical Decompression: A Quasi-experimental Study in Bangladesh
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) often leads to severe neurological impairment. Surgical decompression is a widely used intervention, but the extent and timeline of neurological recovery—particularly ASIA grade conversion—remain insufficiently documented in developing countries. Objective To evaluate ASIA grade improvement following surgical management in patients with incomplete TSCI. Methods This quasi-experimental study enrolled 38 patients with incomplete TSCI, who underwent surgical decompression across four tertiary hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. ASIA impairment scale grades were recorded at admission and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Statistical analysis included the Friedman test and chi-square tests to assess grade transitions. All statistical analysis were done by SPSS version 26.0 Results The mean age was 37.5 years, with male predominance (86.8%). Fall from height (63.2%) was the most common mechanism of injury, and L1 was the most frequently affected level (63.3%). At admission, most patients were ASIA D (60.5%). At 6 months, 81.6% improved to ASIA E. Overall, 97.4% experienced at least one-grade improvement, with conversion rates of 83.3% for ASIA B, and 100% for ASIA C and D. The Friedman test indicated a statistically significant improvement across time points (p = 0.001). Conclusion Surgical decompression in patients with incomplete TSCI is associated with substantial neurological recovery. ASIA grade conversion can serve as a reliable marker for monitoring surgical outcomes in such patients. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 112-117
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Kamrul Ahsan, Md. Kamruzzaman, Shahidul Islam Khan, Abdullah Al Mahmud, Md, Hamidul Haque, Md. Faiyaz Ahsan, Mohua Zaman, Md. Faruq Mia, Md. Shahidul Islam Akon, Md Shah Alam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serum Vitamin D Levels and Their Association with Periodontal Parameters in Periodontitis Patients from Northeastern Peninsular Malaysia
Background Vitamin D plays a significant role in modulating immune system, inflammatory processes, and bone metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as a risk factor for periodontitis. However, the association between vitamin D levels and periodontitis remains inconclusive. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the serum vitamin D levels in periodontitis patients from the northeastern Peninsular Malaysia and to assess its association with periodontal parameters. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted among 43 participants, comprising 20 periodontitis patients and 23 healthy controls. Periodontal parameters were assessed, including plaque score, gingivitis score and periodontal pocket depth. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum vitamin D levels using an automated COBAS 6000 analyser. Results The mean age of periodontitis patients and healthy controls was 41 ± 13 and 35 ± 14 years, respectively. Both groups exhibited low mean serum vitamin D levels: 20.48 ± 4.1 ng/mL in the periodontitis group and 20.99 ± 3.9 ng/mL in the healthy group, with no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Approximately 50% of periodontitis patients were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL). No significant correlations were found between serum vitamin D levels and any of the periodontal parameters. Conclusion This study found that periodontitis patients had low serum vitamin D levels; however, there was no statistically significant association with periodontal parameters. These findings underscore the need for further multicentre studies with larger sample sizes to elucidate the potential role of vitamin D in periodontal health. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 118-124
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanim Afzan Ibrahim, Siti Aisyah Zulkipeli, Haslina Taib, Tuan Nadrah Naim Tuan Ismail, Nik Aloesnisa Nik Mohd Alwi, Nurul Huda Abdullah, Nur Karyatee Kassim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Differences in Serum Amylase Levels among Obese and Non-obese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Background The pancreas is a double-entity organ, and previous studies have shown that a significant proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity have pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI). Increased risks of metabolic disorders, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes were linked to low serum amylase levels. Methodology Study population was be taken from patients visiting to K.R Hospital, Mysore with type-2 diabetes mellitus for follow up and they are grouped into two, based on their BMI as obese diabetics & non-obese Diabetics. Result The present study showed statistically decreased Serum Amylase in obese diabetics when compared with non-obese type 2 diabetic and increased Total Cholesterol/ HDL ratio. Present study also shows increased serum Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL in obese diabetic when compared with nonobese type 2 diabetes but not statistically significant. The study showed negative correlation between Serum Amylase with blood glucose & serum HDL but not statistically significant. Conclusion The current study findings suggest that lower serum amylase levels in obese people with type 2 diabetes may be linked to an exocrine-endocrine axis disruption, which impairs exocrine pancreatic function. This could then be utilized as a potential marker to evaluate the exocrine functions of the pancreas. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 125-135
Copyright (c) 2026 Deepa. K , Sudhir , B K Manjunatha Goud, Akshatha L., Shubha Jayaram, Imran Rangraze http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the relationship and effect between health anxiety level and severity of cyberchondria in surgical patients
Background The uncertainty of the results of surgical interventions and the patient’s fear of undergoing surgery increase health anxiety. The increased level of anxiety leads the individual to search for online information that is easy to access and cost-effective. Aim This study aimed to investigate the relationship and effect between anxiety level and severity of cyberchondria in surgical patients. Methods The study was descriptive, correlational, and exploratory. Data were collected using the Personal Characteristics Form, Health Anxiety Inventory, and Cyberchondria Severity Scale Short Form (CSS-12). The study was conducted with 300 surgical patients in the postoperative period between July and November 2023. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between health anxiety and cyberchondria severity. Results There was a moderate positive correlation between participants’ health anxiety and cyberchondria severity scales (r=0.422 p<0.001). Cyberchondria severity explained 17.8% of health anxiety and was a positive predictor. In surgical patients, the subscales of the cyberchondria severity scale explained 19.4% of health anxiety. The reassurance-seeking and compulsion subscales of the cyberchondria severity scale were positive predictors of health anxiety, while the excessiveness and distress subscales were not predictors. Conclusion The severity of cyberchondria in surgical patients was moderately correlated with health anxiety inventories and partially explained health anxiety. This study showed that seeking reassurance and information from other sources to the point of interrupting activities of daily living increased health anxiety. Studies that include more factors that may explain the health anxiety of surgical patients in the Turkish population should be conducted. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 136-142
Copyright (c) 2026 Seda Ceylan, Seyma Colak, Özlem Şahin Akboga http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Red Cell Immunization in Multiply Transfused Thalassaemic Paediatric Patients- A Preliminary Study
Background Multiply transfused thalassaemia patients can develop red cell immunization that can potentially cause haemolytic transfusion reactions and pose problems with compatibility testing for future transfusions. Previous research on red cell immunization in transfusion-dependent thalassaemia patients has not focused on paediatric groups. Objective This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of red cell immunization in transfusion dependent paediatric thalassaemia patients and identify its potential risk factors. Methods Clinical and serological data of transfusion-dependent thalassaemia patients aged 18 years and below were collected retrospectively from the Hospital Laboratory Information System. Results of antibody identification of the alloantibody and/or autoantibody were collected and analysed. Results Of the 32 patients included in our study, 17(53.1%), (11)34.4%, (2)6.3%, (2)6.3%, patients had HbE/β thalassaemia, β-thalassaemia major, alpha thalassaemia, thalassaemia intermedia/homozygous delta beta thalassaemia respectively. Out of 32 patients, five have developed antibodies against RBC antigens, giving rise to the prevalence of red cell immunization at 15.6%, in which 12.5% were alloantibodies and 3.1% were autoantibodies. The alloantibodies detected were anti E, anti-e, anti-c and alloantibody against lowfrequency antigen with an unknown specificity. The autoantibodies were nonspecific autoIgG. No significant association was observed between antibody formation and risk factors such as diagnosis, gender, blood group, age at first transfusion and number of packed cells transfused. Conclusion This study has successfully answered the prevalence of red cell immunization in multiply transfused paediatric thalassaemia. Our data showed prevalence of red cell immunization at 15.6%, in which 12.5% were alloantibodies and 3.1% were autoantibodies. We acknowledged that a bigger sample size with an extended study period is required. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 143-149
Copyright (c) 2026 Suria Abdul Aziz, Rabeya Yousuf, Ahmad Hafiz Azman, Nur‘Alia Sufia Amran, Nur Farzana Abdullah Pirus, Jeniffer Peter, Siti Rohana Abdul Rahman, Zaleha Md Isa, Nurasyikin Yusof, C-Khai Loh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of a Video-Based Chest Examination Assignment on Self-Directed Learning and Clinical Skills Development in Second-Year Medical Students at the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine
Background In undergraduate medical education, fostering self-directed learning (SDL) behaviours and clinical competence is essential yet challenging, particularly in traditional physical examination training, which often lacks opportunities for repeated practice, reflection, and feedback. This study evaluated the impact of a structured, team-based, video-recorded chest examination assignment on second-year medical students’ SDL, clinical confidence, and skill development, framed using the Kirkpatrick Model of Learning Evaluation. Methods A mixed-methods pre-post intervention study was conducted at the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine in March 2025 with 250 second-year medical students. Students worked in small groups to complete a chest examination video, incorporating peer assessment and final submission. Pre- and postintervention surveys (n = 99 and n = 150, respectively) measured SDL behaviours and clinical confidence using matched Likert-scale items. OSCE scores were compared between the 2024 (control) and 2025 (intervention) cohorts. Open-ended responses underwent thematic analysis to explore student experiences. Results Significant improvements were observed in SDL behaviours (t (4) = 5.49, p = 0.0015) and clinical confidence (t (5) = 7.40, p = 0.0007), particularly in goal setting, feedback seeking, procedural accuracy, and communication. Perceived clinical competence and teamwork also improved, though not significantly. OSCE scores remained stable across cohorts (mean = 76%, p = 1.00), suggesting enhanced learning behaviours without loss of performance. Thematic analysis revealed four themes - evolving perceptions, learning outcomes, practical challenges, and curricular reflections mapped to Kirkpatrick’s four levels: Reaction, Learning, Behaviour, and Results. Conclusion: The video-based assignment enhanced SDL behaviours, confidence, and reflective capacity, even without measurable OSCE score changes. Students valued the peer-driven, engaging, and supportive approach for bridging knowledge and clinical application. Video-based peer learning is a scalable strategy to promote reflective, self-directed learning and procedural mastery in early clinical education, aligning with competencybased education and preparing students for lifelong clinical growth. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 150-162
Copyright (c) 2026 Abraham RM http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nomophobia Among Health Care Providers: A Prevalence and Association Study
Background smart phones devices have become utilized in our daily life and it is now a common practice especially in the medical field. Nomophobia or -No Mobile PHOBIA- which is the fear of feeling uncomfortable without a cell phone is one of the negative aspects of mobile phones that has illustrated a massive increase over the past years. Aim Assess the prevalence of nomophobia among health acre providers and assess its relation to mental health as well as self-esteem. Methods 137 participants were assessed for nomophobia level using nomophobia questionnaire as well as self-esteem and mental health, as well as their sociodemographic characters, the correlation between nomophobia level and different factors was assessed. Results All the participants involved in the study (n=137) had nomophobia 100%, most of the participants had moderate nomophobia 59.85% (n=82) and 16.79% (n=23) had severe nomophobia and 23.36% (n=32) had mild nomophobia, there was a significant weak negative correlation between nomophobia level and self-esteem as well as mental health. Conclusion Nomophobia is a prevalent contemporary health concern that requires immediate care and management approaches. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 163-168
Copyright (c) 2026 Inas El Sayed, Marwa Mostafa Ahmed, Hoda Abdou Hussein, Sarah Ahmed Abdelmoaty Ahmed, Asmaa Ahmed Sayed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shades of Inequality: A Survey-based Analysis of Colorism in Social and Professional Settings
Background Colorism, a discrimination against individuals based on their skin color. It remains an under-researched social problem in the South Asian region, particularly in countries like Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. This silent bias shape one’s social acceptance and identity, education, and career opportunities. Despite its significance, this topic has received limited attention in Pakistani research. Methodology In order to analyze the impact of colorism on self-perception and confidence along social dimensions, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted with over 385 residents from Karachi, Pakistan. The questionnaire is designed in a way to cover the insights across four key domains: socio-demographic information, including age and grade level, as well as socioeconomic status, like income or occupation; self-esteem; and self-efficacy. Assessed through carefully constructed sets of assertive/ non-assertive items, participants’ perceptions about their skin tone worth together with capabilities were evaluated for endorsement at varying levels of confidence. Results The findings highlight the widespread yet unspoken influence of colorism on societal views and personal confidence within Pakistani society. Although many participants reported denying the role of skin tone they possess, deep-rooted skin tone biases do exist. Of the 385 respondents, 58.4% were female and 41.6% male, with 34% identifying as having a brown complexion. A majority (74.1%) of being under the age of 30 were socially active as well as vulnerable, as this age group is more exposed to societal standards of beauty and success, making them particularly susceptible to the psychological impacts of colorism. While 53.8% of participants reported that skin tone does not affect social relations, a significant proportion of 23.6% recognized its effect, while another 22.6% remained neutral, demonstrating some degree of internalized colorism. Regarding employment, only 19.2% believed their skin color had a negative impact on job prospects compared to 62.6% who disagreed, and the remainder (18.2%) were uncertain—regardless, these attitudes reveal persistent undertones of colorism in society. Further analysis using the Chi-square test showed that beliefs about career-related colorism significantly correlated with efforts to reduce or alter one’s skin tone, illustrating the psychological and behavioral impacts of such discrimination. Conclusion: The study highlights that perceptions of skin tone can influence social and interpersonal lives. It underscores the need for further research on colorism in the region to understand its implications better and promote discussion on this critical issue. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 169-175
Copyright (c) 2026 Faiza Akhtar, Saba Razzak, Salman Ashfaq, Somia Gul http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on the Secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α In Saliva as an Effort to Prevent Chronic Inflammation in Smokers
Background Cigarettes which contain dangerous substances that trigger chronic inflammation is one of highest problem in Indonesia. Long-term smoking can disrupt the immune system and increase the risk of non-communicable diseases for example cancer. Moderate-intensity exercise, like swimming, is believed to positively assist to reducing inflammation and enhancing quality of life. Further researches are necessary to understand the beneficial impact of exercise in preventing chronic inflammation in smokers. Early detection through analysis of IL-8 and TNF-α secretion in saliva is a potential focus in efforts to prevent chronic inflammatory conditions. Objective This research is intended to assess the impact of moderateintensity exercise on the salivary secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α as a preventive measure against chronic inflammation in smokers. Methods Select research subjects who are healthy and given swimming training to measure maximum work capacity. Then the research subjects were divided into 4 groups, carried out a pretest before being given swimming treatment and a posttest after swimming by taking saliva samples using the gargling method for 2 minutes. Next, sample processing and measurement of IL-8 & TNF-α secretion. Then data analysis is carried out. Results There were significant differences between all group in IL-8 secretion (p=0.000 and p=0.005), also different in TNF-α secretion (p=0.160 and p=0.144). Conclusion: Moderate intensity exercise can decrease saliva secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α, so that can used to prevent chronic inflammation in smokers. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 176-183
Copyright (c) 2026 Anis Irmawati, Manuel Raynaldi Sihombing, Noor Faizah Balqis, Yassir Ahmad Azzaim, Fitriatuz Zakia, Lastati, Raed Labib, Lila Muntadir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Analysis and Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties of Selected UAE Desert Plants and Specific Remedies Against Resistant Microorganisms
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global health challenge, driven in part by the overprescription of antimicrobial agents and their improper use by patients. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial properties of five desert plants—Indigofera intricata, Plantago psyllium, Tribulus arabicus, Fagonia indica Burm.f., and Zygophyllum shewinf—alongside various types of honey, olive oil, and colostrum against select Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The objective was to associate their antimicrobial activity with their phenolic and triterpenoid profiles. Each plant material was extracted using solvents of different polarities, and thin-layer chromatography was employed for phytochemical analysis. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were also measured, and the purity of the honey samples was evaluated. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using both well diffusion and dilution methods. The findings revealed that the plant extracts, different honey varieties, olive oil, and colostrum all demonstrated varying levels of antimicrobial efficacy. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 184-195
Copyright (c) 2026 Naglaa G. Shehab, Gazala A. Khan, Ola Alkhalil, Aya Alkhirat, Majd Almohammed, Noor Alatwan, Kholoud Y. Abushawish http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Discovery Phase of Serum Proteomic Analysis in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Patients using Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
Objective Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) significantly, adversely affects the quality of life of persons who continue to have symptoms following an initial COVID-19 infection. Hence, the identification of reliable biomarkers for PCS is crucial for understanding its pathophysiology, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and devising therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to compare the serum proteomic profiles between PCS and non-PCS (NPCS) patients to identify potential protein biomarkers that could distinguish these two groups. Materials and methods PCS patients were recruited at the post-COVID-19 clinic and confirmed diagnosis by a physician, with prolonged symptoms beyond three months post- infection. While non-PCS patients were individuals who had fully recovered from an acute COVID-19 infection. Proteins from pooled serum of six PCS patients and ten NPCS participants, matched for age, gender, and race were isolated and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). PD Quest software was used for analysis, and protein expression with more than a twofold and significant difference were recognised. Subsequently, proteins of interest were identified using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time of Flight (MALDITOF) Mass Spectrometry. Results and discussion All subjects were Malay females with a mean age of 38 ± 9.7 for the PCS group and 40 ± 11.1 for the NPCS. The most common clinical symptoms were persistent cough, dysponea, and fatigue. There were 182 protein spots expressed in serum PCS patients in a range of pH 4 to 7. Two proteins, Haptoglobin and T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain, were found to be significantly overexpressed, while two proteins, namely Vitamin D-binding protein and Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1, were underexpressed in PCS patients when compared to NPCS subjects. Conclusion This discovery phase of proteomic analysis revealed several candidate proteins that are predominantly involved in inflammation and immune response in PCS. These proteins require additional examination during the verification phase to assess their capability in identifying COVID-19 individuals at an elevated risk of developing PCS. (309 words). BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 196-205
Copyright (c) 2026 Aisyah Badhrulhisham, Norbaiyah Mohamed Bakrim, Wan Nurliyana Wan Ramli, Nor Zamzila Abdullah, Salmah Anim Abu Hassan, Hairul Aini Hamzah, Mohd Yusri Idorus, Alfi Khatib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk factors associated with the age onset of the first psychosis episode in schizophrenia of Moroccan patients: retrospective study on the role of the prodromal signs, family psychosis, and cannabis
Background Prodromal signs are a valuable factor, but they can be challenging to serve as predictive indicators in schizophrenia; meanwhile, other significant risk factors, like family history and cannabis use, are well-documented high-risk factors. Aim This present study aimed to examine the association between the age at onset of psychosis and prodromal signs, family history of psychosis, and cannabis use independently, as well as the impact of their interaction. Methods Our study employed a retrospective approach and recruited 200 Moroccan patients clinically diagnosed with schizophrenia with a mean age of 31.47 years (± 8.39) from the Ar-razi Psychiatric Center of ibn Sina Hospital. Clinical data were collected in the presence of a qualified psychiatrist via a structured questionnaire. Results we found that the more prodromal signs a patient had, the age at onset of psychosis was slightly lowered with a non-significant small effect [E= -0.04; CI(-0.69) – (0.61); p= 0.89], similarly effect was observed to the presence of family psychosis [E= -0.12; CI(-1.79) – (1.53); p= 0.87], however the cannabis users patients showed a statistically significant association with an earlier age at onset of psychosis by lowering it 2 years compared to non-cannabis users [E= -2.23; CI(-4.28) – (-0.18); p= 0.03], their interaction had also a small effect at the age at onset of psychosis by the presence of prodromal signs. Conclusion cannabis use was associated with an early age at onset of psychosis, and this trend was consistent among patients who exhibited more prodromal signs. Even though other risk factors were non-significant, they also had a small effect influenced by the presence of prodromal signs. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 206-213
Copyright (c) 2026 Nakidi Naila, Fritah Khadija, Dahou Badreddine, Kassal Yassmine, El Hessni Aboubaker, Tamouza Ryad, Belbachir Siham, Laboudi Fouad, Ouanass Abderrazak; Mesfioui Abdelhalem http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Validation of a Questionnaire Assessing Prescribing Physicians Knowledge on the Use of Radioprotective Agents
Backgroun Healthcare professionals, particularly physicians who prescribe radiological examinations, must have a solid understanding of ionizing radiation principles, their biological effects, and the various preventive measures associated with them. This knowledge is essential to avoid unnecessary patient exposure and to mitigate these effects when deemed appropriate. The development of a tool capable of assessing physicians’ understanding and knowledge of radioprotection represents a key strategy for strengthening a culture of safety and optimizing clinical practices. Objective This study aims to design and validate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire assessing prescribing physicians’ knowledge of ionizing radiation effects and radioprotective agents. Methods A cross-sectional study design was adopted for this research. Initially, a 35- item questionnaire was developed, covering two domains: (a) effects of ionizing radiation and (b) radioprotective agents. Face validity and content validity were assessed by a panel of nine experts. Analyses were conducted to determine content validity indices in terms of relevance and clarity (I-CVI, S-CVI/ Ave, and S-CVI/UA), as well as the content validity ratio (CVR). Data were collected from 134 physicians across various specialties. Internal consistency was measured using the KR-20 coefficient (Kuder-Richardson Formula 20), and temporal stability was evaluated using the test-retest method (kappa coefficient). Results The finalized questionnaire includes 24 items that were validated by experts. The indices obtained were I-CVI ≥ 0.78, S-CVI/UA = 0.98, and S-CVI/Ave = 0.91, confirming excellent relevance and clarity. Regarding internal consistency reliability, the KR-20 coefficients were 0.746 (radiation effects) and 0.62 (radioprotective agents), with an overall score of 0.802. The kappa coefficients were reported at 0.84 and 0.834, respectively, with a range of 0.74 to 0.98 across all questionnaire items. Conclusion The results provide strong evidence supporting the validity and reliability of the developed questionnaire, characterized by commendable content validity indices, satisfactory internal consistency, and near-perfect kappa coefficients. Further studies are needed to extend its validation to other populations and geographic contexts, and to explore its usefulness in assessing the impact of educational interventions. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 214-229
Copyright (c) 2026 Laila El Younoussi, Mohammed Chahboune, Mohammed Azougagh, Naoual Elmorabit, Jamila Karouad, Badreddine Dahou, Brahim Benaji http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epidemiological Shifts and Transitions in the Oncological Burden in Morocco
Background Cancer remains one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality, representing a critical public health challenge. This disease is defined by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, which can invade adjacent tissues and form metastases. Objectives The primary objective of this study is to characterize the epidemiological evolution of cancer in Morocco between 2021 and 2025, using data from the National Institute of Oncology (INO). Methodology Key variables analyzed include sex, age, and tumor histological type. Statistical analysis reveals a striking rise in malignant hemopathies, whose proportion surged from less than 1% in 2021 to 20.1% in 2025, overtaking breast cancer to become the most frequently diagnosed entity. This shift coincides with a progressive masculinization of the tumor burden, with the proportion of male patients increasing from 40.78% to 42.81%. Concurrently, age distribution patterns highlight a dual dynamic: sustained predominance in the 51–69 age group alongside a concerning rise in cases among young adults aged 19–30, with 141 cases recorded in the first six months of 2025 alone. Additionally, data quality has markedly improved, evidenced by a reduction of over 50% in the rate of cases with missing information. Results These findings delineate an emerging national oncological landscape shaped by three interdependent transitions. The is characterized by the emergence of hematologic malignancies and early-onset cancers, likely driven by environmental and nutritional shifts tied to rapid urbanization. The diagnostic transition reflects institutional advancements in detection capabilities—particularly in hematologic oncology—fueled by expanded access to flow cytometry, molecular profiling, and multidisciplinary collaboration. Finally, the demographic transition manifests through the masculinization of cancer incidence and the aging profile of affected populations, mirroring broader societal changes. Conclusion Together, these trends underscore the urgent need to reorient cancer control strategies toward sex- and age-tailored interventions, while reinforcing hospital-based cancer registries as indispensable tools for evidence-based public health decision-making. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 230-242
Copyright (c) 2026 Bouchra Guerouaoui, Badreddine Dahou, Amine Rkhaila, Sara ennaceri, Salma najem, Hanane inghaoun, Siham khoyaali, Ibrahim El Ghissassi, Hanane Inrhaoun, Hassan Errihani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rehabilitation of elderly patients with metabolic and post-COVID syndrome.
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed the lives of people around the world. Millions of patients have experienced the infection in various forms, from mild symptoms to extremely severe conditions. Over time, it became clear that some patients, even after the acute phase, experience various sequelae that can lead to persistent changes in the body and a reduced quality of life. This prolonged course of the disease has been termed “long COVID” or “post-COVID syndrome” (PCS). It is known that the largest number of hospitalizations and deaths worldwide associated with the novel coronavirus infection occur among the elderly. Atypical clinical presentations, polymorbidity, polypharmacy, and the presence of geriatric syndromes occupy a special place in the care of geriatric patients. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by the simultaneous presence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, which leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. MS affects nearly 35% of the adult population in the United States, and its prevalence increases with age. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 243-252
Copyright (c) 2026 Mansharipova A.T., Kudabaeva V.ZH., Kaliyakparova A.S., Tastaibek T.A., Tolybekova A.A, Aumoldayeva Z.M, Abilkassimova G.E., Seidalin A.O., Mansharipov D http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Program for correction of excessive weight in children during physical education classes at school
Aim is to improve the physical development and physical fitness of primary school children who are overweight through physical education. Materials and methods The study was conducted from January to May 2024 at the comprehensive school in Moscow (Russia). The pedagogical experiment involved schoolchildren who study in grades 1-4 who were diagnosed with obesity of varying degrees (72 children). Children in the experimental group did physical education with a separate instructor according to the experimental program, and schoolchildren from the control group studied in one with the rest of their class. Before and after the pedagogical experiment, all schoolchildren completed control tests that assessed their level of physical development and physical fitness. Results During the study period, the schoolchildren from the control group showed an increase in the indicators of less than 2% in the EVC, Height, Weight, BMI, Jump and Run tests (p> 0.05). In the RI test, the indicators improved from 10.3±1.6 to 9.4±0.65 (t=0.52; p>0.05), the increase was 9.6%. In the Torso test, the indicators improved by 11.5% (p> 0.05), and in the Jump Rope test, the result was higher by 14.6% (p> 0.05). In the experimental group, a reliable increase in the results was recorded in 7 of 9 tests. The smallest increase in results was noted in the Height test - 1.1% (p>0.05) and Run - 0.6% p>0.05. The EVC increased by 14.2% (p<0.05), the Weight decreased by 7.8% (p<0.05), the BMI decreased by 9% (p<0.05), in the Jump test the result improved by 9% (p<0.05). In the RI test the result improved from 10.9±1 to 7.1±0.75 (t=3; p<0.05), the increase was 53.5%, in the Torso and Jump Rope tests the indicators improved by 31.4% (p<0.05) and 38.3% (p<0.05), respectively. Conclusion The results of the study in the control group indicate the low efficiency of the standard physical education program in a comprehensive school for children aged 7-11 who have excessive weight; the program is more suitable for children who do not have health limitations. The results of the tests in the experimental group indicate the efficiency of using the experimental program for children aged 7-11 who have excessive weight. These schoolchildren should do physical education according to a special program and perform physical exercises that are feasible for them. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 253-262
Copyright (c) 2026 Georgiy Polevoy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between Sputum Bacilloscopy and Radiological Lesions in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is still a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. The detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) through sputum bacilloscopy in respiratory specimens is the cornerstone for diagnosing active PTB. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between sputum bacilloscopy results and radiological lesions in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods This observational study was carried out in the Department of Internal Medicine, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from 1st January 2015 to 31st January 2016. Seventy (70) newly diagnosed PTB patients attending the inpatient and outpatient departments were recruited prior to initiation of anti-TB chemotherapy. The Data were manually processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Result The average age of 70 pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 34.3 years with male is slightly higher than female (55.7%). Most had normal BMI, though low BMI was more frequent among PTB cases. Cough (92.5%), fever (68.5%), and weight loss (60%) were the most common clinical symptoms. Hematological analysis revealed mild anemia and elevated ESR. Sputum AFB was positive in 45.7% and GeneXpert in 75.7%. Chest X-rays showed consolidation in 50% and cavitation developed in 40% of patients. There was a significant association of AFB positivity with consolidation and cavitary lesions (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates a definite association between sputum bacilloscopic and radiological lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis. Consolidation and cavitary lesions were significantly more frequent among smear-positive patients, reflecting a higher bacillary load and more extensive pulmonary involvement. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 263-268
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Kamruzzaman Mazumder, Muhammad Jamal Uddin, Md Saiful Islam Patwary, Mohammad Farhad, Mahmuda Khatoon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Do the Necessary to Clamp the Short-term Indwelling Urinary Catheter before Removal among Inpatients? A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background Indwelling Urinary Catheter is frequently used for multiple tasks. It may lead to complications for patients. Moreover, there were no established instructions in clinical practice regarding the use of bladder clamping. Notably, each medical professional decides whether to clamp the catheter prior to removal based on their individual judgment of its necessity. Objective Identifying necessary to clamp the short-term indwelling urinary catheter before removal among inpatients. Materials and Methods Following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in the following electronic databases to identify relevant studies: the CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Ovid-Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from their inception until February 5, 2023. We manually searched for relevant articles by reviewing the reference lists of included articles. Two authors performed the search independently. Data was analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 and quality assessment was done using ROB 2.0. Continuous variables were analyzed using mean difference and standardized mean difference (SMD) values with a 95% CI. Categorical variables were analyzed using relative risk (RR) and 95% CI. Results Eight randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. The Clamping IUC group highly increased the risk of urinary tract infection and needed for re-catheterization, had longer time to first voiding, and produced a smaller first voiding volume compared to the free draining group. Conclusions The results from this meta-analysis demonstrated no necessary clamped IUC before removal. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 269-280
Copyright (c) 2026 Pham Thi Ngoc An, Nguyen Minh Nguyet, Bui Thi Loan, Pham Van Truong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Service Improvement and performance at the National Institute of Public Health of Kosova
Background Public health experts deal with the assessment of the health needs of the population and provide professional expertise to decision-makers regarding the prioritization of health problems, the distribution of resources, and the design of health policies. Aim The aim of this research is to measure and increase the performance of the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) of as well as design strategic plann based on SWOT analysis. Methodology The research is cross-sectional analysis and prospective planning. The triangulation method regarding the selfassessment of work achievements was carried out. The micro and meso levels of analysis were used for evaluation. SWOT analysis was used at the departmental level as well as the nominal group technique with the board of National Institute of Public Health (NIPH). Results SWOT analysis enabled the development of strategic plans to achieve SMART goals. The activities were categorized into four groups: human resources (HR), continuous professional development (CPD), organizational issues (OI), and material resources (MR). Three OI activities were prioritized at the top level because they were high impact–low effort. The MR activity ‘Provision of means of transport’ was labeled a fourth-level priority, being low impact–high effort, while all other activities were labeled second-level priorities, being high impact–high effort. Conclusion: Continuous investment in public health is necessary for a functional health system because it is a key factor influencing disease prevention and life extension. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 281-289
Copyright (c) 2026 Valbona Zhjeqi, Naser Ramadani, Merita Berisha, Tahire Maloku, Ariana Osmani, Xhevat Jakupi, Drita Zogaj, Naim Jerliu, Sefedin Muçaj, Rina Hoxha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Healthcare Workforce Motivation and Job Satisfaction in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Objective This study examines the key drivers of motivation and their impact on job satisfaction among healthcare workers in a private hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with implications for organizational performance. Methodology Using a cross-sectional survey, data were collected from 100 healthcare employees across different departments to assess their satisfaction levels with various financial (e.g., salary, bonuses, benefits) and non-financial (e.g., training, interpersonal relationships, promotion, and career advancement) motivators. Results The findings indicate that multiple elements contribute to job satisfaction, although their influence varies. While institutional benefits such as bonuses and medical facilities were associated with higher satisfaction, dissatisfaction with salary levels was prominent. Positive interpersonal relationships and supportive workplace culture emerged as vital contributors to employee motivation and overall job satisfaction. Conclusion The study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to workforce motivation in healthcare. Strategic attention to fair compensation, transparent promotion practices, and formal recognition mechanisms can enhance job satisfaction, reduce turnover, and improve service delivery in healthcare institutions. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 290-296
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Zakir Hossain, Shamsuddin Ahamad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Need Assessment Survey for Faculty Development in Medical Education
Background Medical education is a continuously evolving field that requires faculty members to engage in ongoing professional development to maintain high-quality instructions. Faculty development programs at medical education department of medical colleges play a critical role in equipping educators with the necessary skills to address the dynamic challenges of medical education. However, the effectiveness of such programs is contingent upon accurately identifying faculty training needs. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive need assessment survey to determine the specific areas where faculty members require further development in order to improvise their teaching skills. Methods The study was conducted at College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa. A structured google survey was designed and developed to assess faculty training needs across various competencies, including teaching methodologies, clinical instruction, curriculum development, and educational research. Faculty members were asked to rate the importance of each competency and indicate their need for additional training. The survey was distributed to all faculty members of college of medicine, King Faisal University, Al-ahsa by email. 41 faculty members across different departments, including Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Neurosciences, and Obstetrics and Gynecology responded to the survey. Data collection was conducted over one month, and responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results The survey yielded responses from 41 faculty members, with Assistant Professors constituting 70% of the participants. The highest departmental representation was from Biomedical Sciences (35%) and Surgery (25%). Teaching in large and small groups received the highest mean importance rating (4.5), followed by facilitating and managing learning (4.3). The most frequently reported areas requiring additional training included large group teaching (65%), assessment and learning (60%), and educational research (55%). Faculty members recommended regular workshops on teaching methodologies, educational research, and statistical analysis, with an emphasis on accreditation of training sessions through relevant health authorities. Discussion The findings highlight the critical need for faculty development in large group teaching, student assessment, and educational research. The increasing role of technology in medical education was also evident, as faculty members expressed a need for training in e-learning platforms. Need assessment surveys provide valuable insights for tailoring faculty development initiatives; however, their limitations must be acknowledged. Surveys may not capture all faculty challenges due to reliance on self-reported data, potentially leading to a narrow focus on training programs. To address these limitations, institutions should integrate qualitative methods such as focus groups and peer mentoring to supplement survey findings. The integration of interdisciplinary faculty development initiatives has the potential to augment collaborative efforts and elevate the quality of educational experiences. Conclusion: This need assessment survey provides essential insights into the training needs of faculty members, emphasizing the importance of structured and targeted faculty development programs. While need assessment surveys serve as a foundational tool for shaping faculty training initiatives by the Faculty Development Committee, Medical institutions must adopt a multifaceted approach that includes qualitative insights and collaborative strategies to ensure comprehensive professional development of faculty members and other staff. By fostering an inclusive and dynamic faculty development culture, medical institutions can enhance teaching effectiveness and improve overall educational outcomes. The study helped a lot in development of annual faculty training need for the college of medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 297-304
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulmohsen M. Alomair, Imran Sabri, Syed Ziaur Rahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accelerated recovery after surgery in pediatric urology: current evidence and future practice in Kazakhstan
Background pediatric urology has seen significant advancements, particularly with the adoption of enhanced recovery after surgery (eras) protocols, which aim to improve recovery outcomes. These protocols, initially developed for adult surgeries, have been adapted for pediatric urology with promising results. However, challenges related to healthcare infrastructure and cultural factors in kazakhstan may affect their implementation and effectiveness. Aim this study evaluates the impact of eras protocols on postoperative recovery in pediatric urology surgeries in kazakhstan, focusing on recovery times, opioid use, complication rates, and patient satisfaction. Methods a prospective observational study was conducted at three pediatric urology centers in kazakhstan between january 2023 and december 2024. A total of 300 patients, aged 1-18 years, undergoing elective urologic surgery were divided into pre-eras (n=150) and post-eras (n=150) cohorts. Key postoperative metrics, including hospital length of stay (los), opioid use, time to oral intake, and time to mobilization, were compared between the two groups. Results the eras cohort demonstrated significantly improved recovery outcomes, with reduced hospital los (2.8 vs. 4.5 days, p<0.001), lower opioid use (1.2 vs. 4.6 mg, p<0.001), and faster times to oral intake (6.2 vs. 10.5 hours, p<0.001) and mobilization (12.5 vs. 18.9 hours, p<0.001). Patient satisfaction was higher in the eras group (8.9 vs. 7.2, p<0.001), though complications and readmission rates were similar between groups. Conclusion the adoption of eras protocols in pediatric urology improves postoperative recovery, reduces opioid use, and enhances patient satisfaction. These findings support the integration of eras into pediatric urology practice in kazakhstan, with potential benefits for clinical outcomes and patient care. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 305-311
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhakupova Maiya, Izbassarova Akmaral, Xetayeva Gulzakira, Nurlybaeva Gulnaz, Issenova Balday, Aimbetova Gulshara, Akhmetov Valikhan, Madaliyeva Sanam, Aliya Atabayeva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predictors associated with academic performance of medical students
Aim Ensuring a high level of academic performance among students is an important task for higher education systems. This study aims to identify key predictors of academic success, measured by GPA, among medical students. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 112 students of the Faculty of Medicine at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire distributed via Google Forms, which reflected demographic characteristics, indicators of school activity, and measures of quality of life and/or subjective well-being. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the influence of factors. Results The analysis showed that school performance significantly affects GPA: an increase in the level of school grades increased the likelihood of achieving a high GPA (Exp(B)=2.188, p=0.047). Sleep quality was another significant predictor: a decrease in sleep quality reduced GPA (Exp(B)=0.276, p=0.002). Maintaining a stable standard of living was associated with a higher GPA (Exp(B)=2.030, p=0.033). Factors such as gender, material well-being, and family relationships demonstrated borderline significance, requiring further analysis. Conclusion The results highlight the importance of academic preparation, quality of life, and emotional stability for achieving high academic performance. These findings may serve as a basis for the development of targeted interventions aimed at improving student success, as well as for identifying priority areas in medical education research. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 312-316
Copyright (c) 2026 Fariza A. Bimurzayeva, Gulbanu A. Arynova, Gulnara Zh. Kapanova, Amil Suleimanov, Anara B. Daniyarova, Karlygash N. Tazhibayeva, Manara Mukasheva, Saulemai A. Bekeyeva, Roza K. Suleimenova, Assel D. Sadykova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformation of the medical care system in Kazakhstan: the role and potential of specialists with extended medical practice.
Background Kazakhstan’s healthcare system faces significant challenges, including limited access to care in rural areas and a shortage of healthcare professionals. Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs), with their advanced education and clinical expertise, have been shown to improve healthcare access and quality worldwide, especially in underserved regions. Despite this potential, the role of APNs in Kazakhstan is underdeveloped. Aim This study aims to explore the perceptions, challenges, and opportunities surrounding the integration of APNs into Kazakhstan’s healthcare system. It examines the barriers to adopting APN roles and investigates the potential impact of APNs on improving healthcare delivery, particularly in rural areas. Methods A qualitative design was used, involving semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including nurses, healthcare administrators, and policymakers. Data were analyzed thematically to identify key barriers, perceptions, and opportunities related to the integration of APNs into the healthcare system. Findings will inform policy and provide recommendations for APN development in Kazakhstan. Results The study found a lack of awareness about APN roles, particularly in rural areas, with regulatory and educational barriers hindering their integration. Resistance from physicians and the absence of graduatelevel nursing programs were key challenges. However, participants recognized the potential of APNs to improve healthcare access and outcomes, especially in underserved areas. Conclusion To successfully integrate APNs into Kazakhstan’s healthcare system, clear regulatory frameworks, advanced nursing education, and stronger interprofessional collaboration are essential. These steps will help improve healthcare access and outcomes, particularly in rural areas. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 317-326
Copyright (c) 2026 Anar Tursynbekova, Assel D. Sadykova, Gulshara Aimbetova, Issenova Balday, Karlygash Tazhibayeva, Aiman Mussina, Nursultan Zhunissali,Gulnoza Aldabekova, Aizat Seidakhmetova, Gulnar Zhantuova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-sectional study of the vaginal microbiota in adolescents from the Turkestan Region: a clinical and ecological approach
Background Proper establishment of the vaginal microbiota is critical to adolescent reproductive health. Pubertal hormonal and physiological transitions, compounded by social and environmental stressors, can alter microbiome composition and structure. Given its ecological vulnerabilities, adolescents in Kazakhstan’s Turkistan Region may face a higher risk of vaginal microbiota instability. The objective of this study is to examine the determinants and contributing factors of vaginal discharge in non-sexually active girls aged 13–19 Material and Method This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 211 adolescent girls with no history of sexual activity were included. The cohort was divided into two groups: 98 participants in Group 1 and 113 participants in Group 2. Vaginal and urethral swabs were collected from all subjects, and vaginal discharge samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological techniques. Venous blood was drawn to assess seropositivity. In addition, lead concentrations were measured in hair samples, as well as in water and soil from the participants’ residential environments. Results Vaginal discharge was reported significantly more often in association with dysmenorrhea, lower abdominal pain, malodor, itching, and acne vulgaris (p < 0.05). Bacteriological analysis identified Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp., Escherichia coli, and Ureaplasma urealyticum as the predominant pathogens. Elevated lead concentrations were significantly more common in participants with complaints of vaginal discharge. Among environmental biomarkers, hair lead levels demonstrated the highest sensitivity and specificity in predicting the presence of vaginal discharge compared with water and soil measurements. Conclusion: Vaginal discharge in non-sexually active adolescents was linked to both clinical manifestations and environmental lead exposure, highlighting hair lead levels as a valuable diagnostic marker. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 327-333
Copyright (c) 2026 Aigerim Kushkarova, Ugilzhan Tatykayeva, Aknur Yegizova, Shakhnoza Tatykayeva, Gulzhazira Tursynbayeva, Kenzhegul Ryskeldiyeva, Raushan Nurkhassimova, Zhansaya Torgaytova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Ridge Preservation Using β-Tricalcium phosphate, Platelet Rich Fibrin and Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (rhBMP-2) Followed by Delayed Implant Placement-A Clinical and Radiographic Study
Background The successful insertion of dental implants is highly proportional to the condition and quantity of the alveolar bone at the edentulous area. This pilot study aimed at evaluating clinically & radiographically the efficacy of preservation of alveolar ridge by making use of platelet- rich fibrin (PRF) & β – tricalcium phosphate {TCP)+rh- bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 followed by delayed implant placement. Materials & Methods Post-extraction sockets were augmented using a combination of autologous PRF and alloplastic bone graft (β-TCP) mixed with growth factor rh-BMP 2. At three months, the clinical and radiographic study was carried out, and implants were placed using two staged protocols. Outcome clinical parameters involving mean modified plaque index (MPI), modified bleeding index (MBI), clinical implant mobility score (CIMS), full mouth plaque index (FMPI), full mouth papillary bleeding index (FMPBI), probing measurements such as probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and width of keratinized gingiva (WKG) around implants were evaluated. Results A total of 12 sockets in 9 patients were treated using the ridge preservation technique. At three months after extraction & ridge preservation, baseline evaluation revealed minimal buccolingual dimensional changes (7.0 mm ± 1.21 mm). Following implant placement, radiographic evaluation at 3 months showed minimum vertical & horizontal loss in bone (mesial: 0.33 ± 0.33, distal: 0.25 ± 0.33). Use of rhBMP-2+ β -TCP+rh-BMP-2 reduces the dimensional changes owing to 100% survival of the implants. Conclusion Atraumatic extraction employing ridge preservation using PRF & β -TCP+rh-BMP-2 followed by delayed implant placement minimizes dimensional changes and helps in the improved success rate of the implant BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 334-342
Copyright (c) 2026 Khushboo Jeevan Durge, Bhairavi Vikas Kale, Pavan Suresh Bajaj, Prasad Vijayrao Dhadse, Manohar Laxamanrao Bhongade, Kiran Kumar Ganji, Mohammad Ghazi Sghaireen, Mohammad Khursheed Alam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Depression and fatigue among stroke survivors: a cross-sectional study in Kazakhstan
Background Depression and fatigue are frequent but underrecognized complications of stroke, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Evidence from Central Asia is scarce. Objective To assess the prevalence and severity of depression and fatigue, and their associations with mental well-being among first-time and recurrent stroke survivors in Kazakhstan. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 150 stroke survivors (127 first-ever, 23 recurrent) treated at a multidisciplinary hospital in Aktobe, Kazakhstan (February–July 2024). Depression, fatigue, and mental well-being were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), and the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC-SF). Group comparisons used chi-square tests, t-tests. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Overall, 50.7% of patients reported depressive symptoms and 54.7% had clinically significant fatigue. Recurrent stroke survivors demonstrated higher depression scores than firstever stroke patients (BDI-II: 15.0 ± 6.98 vs. 9.97 ± 7.99; p = 0.001). Fatigue and mental well-being did not differ significantly between groups. Regression analysis confirmed an independent association between recurrent stroke and depression (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.13–0.72). Depression and fatigue were moderately correlated (r = 0.45) and both were inversely correlated with mental well-being. Conclusions Depression is significantly more common among recurrent stroke survivors, while fatigue is highly prevalent regardless of stroke history. Integrated rehabilitation in Kazakhstan should include systematic screening and psychological support to address these complications. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 343-352
Copyright (c) 2026 Akgul Baizullina, Ariel Shensa, Aigul Yermagambetova, Zinat Abdrakhmanova, Zhanar Zhagiparova, Assel D. Sadykova, Karlygash N. Tazhibayeva, Askar Aidarov, Faina Linkov, Lazzat Zhamaliyeva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aponeurotic Ring-Assisted Stoma Formation in Pediatric Anorectal Malformations: Surgical Stages and Early Outcomes
Aim The aim of this study was to analyze the early results of creating a colostomy in children with anorectal malformations (ARM) by forming an aponeurotic ring. The frequency of postoperative complications after using a modified technique and a traditional approach was compared. Methods A retrospective study was carried out in Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan from 2014 to 2023. The 63 patients under the age of 4 with ARM were included in the study and divided into two groups. The former group comprised patients who had stoma creation performed via the conventional technique. The second group consisted of patients who had stoma established by forming an aponeurotic ring. Results The predominant types of surgical intervention in both groups were end and divided colostomies. In the first group of 35 children, 10 had postoperative complications (28.5%). Early complications developed in 4 children, late complications in 6 children. In the second group of 28 children, complications developed in 2 patients (7.2%): in one case on the 6th day of life, and in another case after 2 months. Out of 63 children, one child died during treatment. Conclusions Compared to the conventional method, an aponeurotic ring-assisted stoma formation method allowed to reduce the risk of early and late stoma-associated complications by 4 times (RR=0.25, p=0.051). BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 353-359
Copyright (c) 2026 K. Ashirbay, A.Dzhumabekov, A.Kussainov, G.Altynbayeva, E.Aitbayeva, K.Khairov, S.Saliyeva, N.Shilanbayev, G. Kaukenbayeva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimicrobial Resistance through the One Health Lens
Abstract not available BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 7-13
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahnuma Ahmad, Mainul Haque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Appendiceal intussusception with chronic abdominal pain
Appendiceal intussusception is a rare condition due to partial/total invagination of the appendix into the colon. A 26-year-old woman, with no underlying comorbidities, complained of right lower colicky abdominal pain for the last 8 months. She denied fever, diarrhoea, per-rectal bleeding or significant weight loss. Clinically, the right iliac fossa and suprapubic tenderness were noted with positive rebound tenderness. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed invagination of the appendix to the caecum, suggesting appendiceal intussusception. Open appendectomy was performed after failure of reduction through laparoscopic approach. It is important to have a high degree of suspicion to make the diagnosis, especially among young women with chronic abdominal pain. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 360-363
Copyright (c) 2026 Aishath Azna Ali, Aminath Najdha, Maumoon Asim, Hammad Adam, Abdulla Ubaid, Nur Farehah Johari, Hezry Abu Hasan, Firdaus Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Simultaneous Intrauterine pregnancy with an Extra uterine pregnancy: A Surprise Combo of Conception
Abstract not available BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 364-367
Copyright (c) 2026 Triveni GS , Kiran Aggarwal, Tanya Mudgal, Anuradha Singh, Prabha Lal, Mansi Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Diagnosed Postnatally Despite Prenatal Suspicion of Duodenal Atresia: A Case Report and Review of Perinatal Management Strategies
Background Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a developmental malformation characterized by incomplete diaphragm formation and is associated with significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Auxiliary imaging modalities, such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as molecular studies, have improved both treatment and prognosis. However, atypical presentations may delay diagnosis and hinder perinatal care planning. Case Presentation We report the case of a term neonate who was prenatally suspected to have duodenal atresia and presented at birth with severe respiratory distress requiring immediate medical intervention. Initial stabilization included positive pressure ventilation, which led to progressive clinical deterioration. A chest radiograph performed shortly after birth revealed findings consistent with a left-sided Bochdalek hernia. The patient underwent prompt endotracheal intubation and surgical repair in a tertiary care center. Despite the extensive diaphragmatic defect, the clinical course was favorable, and the patient was discharged without complications 24 days later. Discussion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in prenatal imaging of CDH, particularly when other gastrointestinal anomalies are suspected. It underscores the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis in cases of prenatal abdominal findings and supports the need for postnatal reevaluation when initial diagnoses are inconclusive. The favorable outcome in this patient was largely attributable to the availability of a multidisciplinary team and timely surgical intervention. Current literature supports that early referral to specialized centers and adherence to standardized ventilatory and surgical protocols are critical for improving survival in CDH. Conclusion This report reinforces the importance of high-resolution prenatal imaging, multidisciplinary perinatal planning, and early postnatal intervention in the management of CDH. Even in the absence of a definitive prenatal diagnosis, coordinated care in a specialized setting can significantly enhance outcomes. The findings contribute to clinical strategies for handling atypical CDH presentations and optimizing neonatal care pathways. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 368-374
Copyright (c) 2026 Luis Alberto Pérez Covarrubias, Ernesto Baltazar Herrera, Víctor Manuel Espinoza Gutiérrez, Adrián Valle-Partida, David Rojano Mejía, María Valeria Jiménez Báez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0