A journal sponsored by the Ibn Sina Trust. Full-text articles available. NLM ID=101563859 Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences is included on DOAJ. Journal Metrics CiteScore Tracker 2024: Updated on April 05, 2025 1.5 = 886 Citations to date / 583 Documents to date Powered by Scopus ResearchGate Journal Impact (2013): 0.62 Scimago Journal Rank (2024): 0.278 WoS Report 2022-2023: Impact Factor 2022: 0.9 [The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is a journal-level metric calculated from data indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection.]
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Biomaterials for dental implants: The Basics Revisited
Numerous studies conducted over many years have provided us with knowledge on a variety of biomaterials used as dental implants. A biomaterial is a substance that has been created to take on a structure that may be employed, either alone or as a component of a complex system, to regulate interactions with elements of living systems and therefore to control the course of any therapeutic or diagnostic operation. The need for biomaterials that are not only mechanically or chemically appropriate but also biocompatible with the oral environment has been driven by the growing awareness of dental implants as a restoration method for lost teeth. This article provides insight into the many traditional biomaterials, including titanium implants, which have only recently been introduced and are becoming more and more common. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S11-S17
Copyright (c) 2026 Kanika Singh Dhull, Nikil Kumar Jain, Girish MS, Debasmita Das, Indira Mysore Devraj, Sajni Rai http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Automation and Robotics in Biosensing for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Peri-Implantitis – A Systematic Review.
Background Peri-implantitis is a progressive inflammatory illness that affects implant longevity. Early detection and continuous monitoring are crucial for efficient management. Recent breakthroughs in biosensing, automation, and robotics offer exciting prospects. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of automation and robotic-assisted biosensing technologies in the early detection and real-time monitoring of peri-implantitis. Methods A complete search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science (2013- 2024) was carried out. Studies that used biosensors with automated or robotic systems to diagnose periimplantitis were considered. Methodological quality was evaluated using the PRISMA and ROBIS methods. Results 34 out of 562 articles met the requirements. Biosensing platforms (optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric) with AI integration demonstrated great sensitivity (80-95%) and specificity (85-98%) in detecting early biomarkers such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMPs. Robotic systems improved reproducibility and patient comfort. Conclusion While promising, more clinical validation and standardization are required for general implementation. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S18-S25
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramyaa D, S Bhuminathan, Nithan S, Nandini M S, L. Keerthi Sasanka, Prabhu Manickam Natarajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of Photo biomodulation Therapy Compared with Hyaluronic Acid Injections in Temporomandibular Disorder Treatment: A Systematic Review
BACKGROUND Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) has been postulated as a condition of multifactorial aetiology, usually resulting from muscle hyperfunction or parafunction, traumatic sources, hormonal impact, and alterations in the structure of the joint. Treatment modalities for management are numerous and include the invasive and non-invasive modalities. Photo biomodulation therapy is a non-pharmacologic and non-invasive treatment which has been found to have positive impacts in the treatment while intra articular injections with or without arthrocentesis is a minimally invasive procedure but is very potent in alleviating pain and inflammatory signs. METHODS The current review was carried out in the context of PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley library, Cochrane library databases, Scopus and grey literature was done for the published studies between 1st January 2003 and 1st October 2023. For randomized controlled trials, quality assessment was done with the help of Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROB-2) using Review Manager 5.4.1 RESULTS Through search strategy 76 articles were yielded. After screening through titles and abstracts, 55 articles were excluded and finally 21 articles were included in this review. CONCLUSION In conclusion Photo biomodulation is found to be effective in reducing pain, mean mouth opening in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder when compared to hyaluronic acid, however this systematic review acts as a scoping review to conduct more comparative studies to obtain an evidence-based analysis. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S26-S35
Copyright (c) 2026 Vijay Ebenezer, Parijat Sinha, Balakrishnan Ramalingam, Dr. Kannan Nithyasundar4, Dr. R. Swarna Priya, Dr. Prabhu Manickam Natarajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Bone Growth Stimulants on Bone Regeneration in Dental Implantology: A Meta-Analysis
Bone growth stimulants (BGS) are increasingly used to enhance osseointegration in dental implants, but their efficacy remains debated. This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of BGS on bone regeneration and implant success. Following PRISMA guidelines, 25 studies (2000–2024) were analyzed. Random-effects models pooled effect sizes for outcomes like bone density and implant survival. Subgroup analyses compared graft types (autografts, alloplastics, bio-enhanced grafts). BGS improved osseointegration (pooled ES: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.95– 1.50), with bio-enhanced grafts showing the highest efficacy (ES: 1.43). Bioactive coatings (ES: 1.26) outperformed strontium coatings (ES: 0.94), while bisphosphonates negatively impacted outcomes (ES: -1.96). Heterogeneity was low (I² = 9.08%), but publication bias was detected (Egger’s test: *p* = 0.025). BGS, especially combination grafts, enhance implant stability, though patient-specific factors must guide clinical use. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S36-S49
Copyright (c) 2026 Niladri Maiti, Riddhi Chawla, Ahmad Danish Rehan, Ataul Hafeez Imran, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy, Shipha Hegde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Fluoride Treatments in Remineralizing Early Non- Cavitated Carious Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Dental caries affects billions globally, with early non-cavitated lesions being reversible through fluoride remineralization. Despite extensive research, optimal fluoride protocols remain debated. This analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fluoride treatments in remineralizing early caries and compare delivery methods, concentrations, and frequencies. This PRISMAcompliant systematic review included 12 RCTs and controlled trials (n=11,701 observations) from seven databases. Studies were assessed using ROB2/ROBINS-E tools, with metaanalyses conducted via random-effects models. Subgroup analyses explored fluoride types, concentrations, and follow-up durations. Highconcentration fluoride varnishes (≥5,000 ppm) showed the largest effects (ES=1.12, 95%CI: 0.88–1.36), while daily toothpastes (1,000–4,999 ppm) had more modest but consistent results (ES=0.93, 95%CI: 0.72–1.14). Network metaanalysis revealed a non-linear dose-response, with diminishing returns above 10,000 ppm. Professional applications every 3–6 months, combined with daily home care, emerged as the optimal regimen. Heterogeneity was substantial (I²=74.09%) but explained by concentration differences (27.12% variance). Fluoride effectively remineralizes early caries, with highconcentration professional treatments yielding superior outcomes. A combined approach of periodic in-office varnishes and daily toothpaste is recommended for comprehensive caries management. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S50-S62
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasmine Marwaha, Sindhoori Goud, Manoranjan Dash, Preeti Y. Shadangi, Ashtha Arya, Aafreen Smriti Minz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Desensitizing Agents for Treating Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Meta-Analysis
Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) affects 10–30% of adults, causing sharp pain from exposed dentin. Despite various treatments, efficacy comparisons remain unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of desensitizing agents for DH. Following PRISMA guidelines, 30 RCTs were analyzed. Databases included PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Outcomes were pain reduction (VAS, Schiff scale) and tubule occlusion (SEM). Random-effects models calculated pooled effect sizes. Bioactive materials (e.g., bioactive glass) showed the strongest effects (40–60% pain reduction), followed by arginine (50–70%). Lasers and SDF provided rapid relief but had limitations (cost, side effects). At-home treatments (e.g., stannous fluoride) offered moderate efficacy (30–50%). Heterogeneity was low (I² = 22.43%), and publication bias was minimal. Desensitizing agents are effective for DH, with bioactive materials and combination therapies yielding optimal results. Clinicians should tailor treatments based on patient needs and agent availability. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S63-S77
Copyright (c) 2026 Divya Batra, Niladri Maiti, Philip Pradeep, Nimeshika Ramachandruni, Ashtha Arya, Pratik Agrawal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Redefining Dental Practice in the AI Era: Bridging Clinical Expertise with Intelligent Technologies
Introduction of dental practice with the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) is an idea that is a radical change in the conceptualization of oral healthcare delivery and experience. This editorial review discusses the changing paradigm of AI in dentistry, which includes the use of AI in diagnostic imaging interpretation, treatment planning, clinical decision support, and prosthetic design. At the same time, though the AI technologies prove to be incredibly effective in pattern recognition, detecting diseases and performing predictive analytics, their implementation into the clinical process causes significant questions concerning the professional responsibility, educational readiness, ethical implementation, and maintenance of the humanistic principles of patient care. Combination of the old clinical knowledge with clever computing enables unheard of possibilities to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, these benefits can only be actualized with a careful adoption that makes AI an addition and not a substitution of clinical judgment. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S7-S10
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Ashwini Dhopte, Faheem Mir, Rana Jamal Alzaqzouq, Dr Manjari Khatri, Ayan Saha, Dr Vikas Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging Material Science and Clinical Longevity: A Comprehensive Review of Properties, Selection, and Translational Relevance of Contemporary Dental Restorative Materials
Background As dental disease remains a significant concern in many developing countries, the durability and quality of these restorations are of utmost importance. Their longevity and clinical success depend primarily on the properties of dental materials and on the proper selection of these materials for restorations. Although the past few decades have revolutionised restorative dentistry through advanced materials, nanotechnology, and digital techniques, unpredictability between laboratory results and clinical outcomes persists in some cases. This narrative review will synthesize current evidence to demonstrate how the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials influence their durability and the patient’s comfort. Methods A structured narrative literature review was conducted. Peer-reviewed articles were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, covering January 2019 to October 2025. Search terms included combinations of “dental restorative materials,” “mechanical properties,” “clinical performance,” “testing,” and “biocompatibility.” Only English-language studies focusing on restorative materials’ properties, testing–performance correlation, and selection criteria were included. Studies unrelated to restorative applications, grey literature, and non-peer-reviewed reports were excluded. Results: ninetynine recent studies met the inclusion criteria. Recent composites, ceramics, and hybrid materials showed significant improvements in flexural strength, wear resistance, and esthetic performance; however, chemical stability and hydrolytic degradation remain limiting factors. Bioactive and “smart” materials with ion release, antibacterial agents, and pH responsiveness demonstrated enhanced remineralization potential but lack standardized long-term validation. Digital workflows (CAD/CAM and 3D printing) increased customisation and precision, but need further optimisation of post-curing and fatigue performance. Overall, differences between in-vitro testing and in-vivo longevity still exist due to variations in test design and oral simulation parameters. Conclusions: Selection of materials in restorative dentistry must be based on a comprehensive understanding of mechanical, chemical, and biological behaviours under oral conditions. Future research should emphasise standardised testing, long-term clinical trials, and the integration of bioactive materials and AI-assisted design approaches to improve material predictability and the longevity of restorations. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S78-S88
Copyright (c) 2026 Tushar Vitthalrao Bhagat, Vyankatesh Gupta, Ravi Nagpal, Anant Heda, Akansha Khandelwal, Mohammad Alokla, Shahad Saleh AlGhannam, Inderjit Murugendrappa Gowdar, Mahmud Uz Zaman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of p53 and Ki-67 Expression in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Background Oral leukoplakia (OL) is one of the most common oral potentially malignant disorders, with a reported malignant transformation rate of 0.13-17.5%. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for over 90% of oral malignancies. Molecular biomarkers such as p53 and Ki-67 play crucial roles in identifying lesions at higher risk of malignant transformation. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 formalinfixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (25 OL, 25 OSCC, and 25 NOM). Immunohistochemistry was performed using standard protocols for p53 and Ki-67. The percentage of positively stained cells was calculated and analyzed statistically. Results: p53 expression was significantly higher in OSCC (68.4 ± 12.3%) compared to OL (42.7 ± 15.6%) and NOM (8.3 ± 4.2%) (p < 0.001). Ki-67 expression followed a similar pattern with highest expression in OSCC (54.2 ± 11.8%), intermediate in OL (28.9 ± 10.4%), and lowest in NOM (5.7 ± 3.1%) (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between p53 and Ki-67 expression in both OL (r = 0.58, p = 0.002) and OSCC (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). Dysplastic OL showed significantly higher expression of both markers compared to non-dysplastic OL (p < 0.05). Conclusion The progressive increase in p53 and Ki-67 expression from NOM to OL to OSCC suggests their role in oral carcinogenesis. These markers may help identify OL lesions at higher risk of malignant transformation, potentially improving patient management and outcomes. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S89-S95
Copyright (c) 2026 Abedalla Abdelghani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation of Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase Levels with Histopathological Grades of Oral Cancer
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a significant global health challenge with high morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection is crucial for improving prognosis, and noninvasive biomarkers like salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) offer promising diagnostic potential. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 participants divided into three groups: 30 patients with well-differentiated OSCC, 30 with moderately/poorly differentiated OSCC, and 30 healthy controls. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from all participants, and LDH levels were measured using a standardized enzymatic assay. Histopathological grading was performed according to WHO classification. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, post-hoc tests, and Pearson correlation. Results: Salivary LDH levels were significantly elevated in OSCC patients compared to controls (825.4 ± 142.3 U/L vs. 215.7 ± 58.6 U/L, p < 0.001). Furthermore, moderately/poorly differentiated OSCC showed higher LDH levels (986.3 ± 127.8 U/L) compared to well-differentiated OSCC (664.5 ± 98.7 U/L) (p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between LDH levels and histopathological grades (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). At a cutoff value of 620 U/L, salivary LDH demonstrated 86.7% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity for differentiating OSCC from controls. Conclusion Salivary LDH levels correlate significantly with histopathological grades of OSCC, suggesting its potential as a non-invasive biomarker for assessing tumor aggressiveness and prognosis. This simple, cost-effective biomarker could complement existing diagnostic methods and aid in early detection and management of oral cancer. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S96-S101
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruba Odeh, Ahmed Azhari Salih Mohamedeissa, Jad Moriss Kazma, Maher Al Shayeb http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Oxidative Stress Markers in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, insidious, potentially malignant disorder characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the lamina propria. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, with oxidative stress playing a pivotal role. Tobacco smoking, a known independent source of reactive oxygen species, may exacerbate this oxidative burden. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants, divided into four groups: Group A (OSMF smokers, n=25), Group B (OSMF non-smokers, n=25), Group C (healthy smokers, n=25), and Group D (healthy non-smokers, n=25). Clinical staging of OSMF was performed. Serum levels of MDA, SOD, GSH, and vitamin C were estimated using standard biochemical assays. Results Group A exhibited the highest mean MDA level (6.18 ± 1.32 nmol/mL), significantly higher than Group B (4.82 ± 1.15 nmol/ mL, p < 0.001), Group C (3.48 ± 0.81 nmol/mL, p < 0.001), and Group D (2.09 ± 0.52 nmol/mL, p < 0.001). Conversely, antioxidant levels were lowest in Group A (SOD: 1.85 ± 0.48 U/mL; GSH: 3.21 ± 0.88 mg/dL; Vit C: 0.72 ± 0.25 mg/dL) and progressively increased through Groups B, C, and D. Within the OSMF cohort (A+B), a significant positive correlation was found between MDA levels and clinical stage of OSMF (r = 0.71, p < 0.001), while SOD, GSH, and vitamin C showed a significant negative correlation. Conclusion The study demonstrates that smoking significantly exacerbates oxidative stress in patients with OSMF, as evidenced by higher MDA and depleted antioxidant levels compared to non-smokers with OSMF. This heightened oxidative state may contribute to accelerated disease progression and increased malignant transformation risk, underscoring the critical importance of smoking cessation in the management of OSMF. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S102-S107
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Enamur Rashid http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of HPV-16 DNA in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders Using PCR Technique
Background The role of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly the highrisk type 16, in the pathogenesis of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) remains a subject of considerable debate. While its oncogenic potential in oropharyngeal carcinoma is well-established, its prevalence and significance in precursor lesions of the oral cavity are less clear. Methods A case-control study was conducted on 100 participants: 60 patients with histopathologically confirmed OPMDs (20 each of OL, OSMF, and OLP) and 40 healthy individuals with normal oral mucosa as controls. Tissue biopsies were collected, and genomic DNA was extracted. PCR was performed using specific primers targeting the E6 oncogene region of HPV- 16. The amplified products were visualized via agarose gel electrophoresis. Results HPV-16 DNA was detected in 18.3% (11/60) of the OPMD cases, which was significantly higher than the 2.5% (1/40) positivity rate in the control group (p = 0.019). The highest prevalence was observed in OLP (25.0%, 5/20), followed by OL (20.0%, 4/20) and OSMF (10.0%, 2/20). A significant association was found between HPV-16 positivity and a history of tobacco chewing among OPMD patients (p = 0.038). The mean age of HPV-positive patients was slightly higher (48.7 ± 11.2 years) than HPV-negative patients (44.1 ± 10.5 years), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.18). Conclusion The study demonstrates a significant presence of HPV-16 DNA in a subset of OPMDs, particularly in patients with a history of tobacco use. This finding suggests that HPV-16 may act as a potential co-carcinogen in the multistep process of oral carcinogenesis. PCR-based detection of HPV-16 could serve as a valuable molecular tool for risk stratification and may aid in the surveillance of high-risk OPMDs. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S108-S113
Copyright (c) 2026 Nesrine A. Elsahn, Aseel Naji, Ahmad deeb mohd shanably, Maher Al Shayeb http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Serum and Salivary Interleukin-6 as Biomarkers for Early Detection of Oral Cancer
Background Late-stage diagnosis is primarily responsible for the high morbidity and death rates linked to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Improving patient outcomes requires the creation of trustworthy, non-invasive biomarkers for early detection. The multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been linked to carcinogenesis, but further research is needed to determine how well it can diagnose early-stage OSCC, particularly in saliva. Methods 60 participants participated in a case-control study, 30 of whom had just been diagnosed with early stage (Stage I & II) OSCC that was histopathologically verified, and 30 of whom were healthy controls who were matched for age and gender. Samples of venous blood and unstimulated entire saliva were obtained. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIAs) kit was used to determine the levels of IL-6. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the diagnostic performance was ascertained. Results The OSCC group had substantially greater serum and salivary IL-6 levels than the control group (p < 0.001). In OSCC patients, the mean serum IL-6 level was 12.5 +/- 3.1 pg/mL, whereas in controls, it was 4.2 +/- 1.5 pg/mL. In OSCC patients, the mean salivary IL-6 level was 18.7 +- 4.2 pg/mL, whereas in controls, it was 5.1 +- 1.8 pg/mL. With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.88-1.00) compared to serum IL-6 (AUC = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.97), ROC analysis revealed salivary IL-6 to be a superior diagnostic marker. Salivary IL-6 demonstrated 90.0% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity for identifying OSCC at an ideal cut-off of 11.5 pg/mL. Conclusion Compared to serum IL-6, salivary IL-6 exhibits greater diagnostic performance and is significantly higher in individuals with earlystage OSCC. Salivary IL-6 is a potential biomarker for the early identification and screening of oral cancer because of its noninvasive nature, high sensitivity, and specificity. By acting early, it may be possible to improve the prognosis. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S114-S118
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamzah Ali Babkair http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphometric Analysis of Foramen Magnum in Adult Human Skulls Using 3D CT Imaging
Background The foramen magnum (FM) is a crucial anatomical landmark at the craniovertebral junction. Its morphometric parameters are of paramount importance in various clinical disciplines, including neurosurgery, radiology, and forensic anthropology. While traditional osteometric studies exist, modern imaging techniques like 3D computed tomography (CT) offer a more precise and non-invasive method for in vivo analysis. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 head CT scans (100 males, 100 females) of adults aged 18-70 years. Multiplanar reconstructions and 3D volumerendered images were generated. Key parameters, including anteroposterior (AP) diameter, transverse (TR) diameter, and area, were measured using standardized anatomical landmarks. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the parameters between genders. Results The mean AP diameter was 35.8 ± 2.1 mm in males and 32.4 ± 1.9 mm in females (p < 0.001). The mean TR diameter was 30.5 ± 1.8 mm in males and 27.9 ± 1.7 mm in females (p < 0.001). The mean calculated area was 860.4 ± 85.2 mm² in males and 712.3 ± 78.6 mm² in females (p < 0.001). All measured parameters were significantly larger in males than in females. The Foramen Magnum Index (FMI) did not show a statistically significant difference between the sexes. Conclusion The study provides reliable normative morphometric data for the foramen magnum in the studied population using 3D CT imaging. The significant sexual dimorphism observed in all linear and area measurements highlights the necessity of sex-specific reference standards. These findings have direct clinical applications in neurosurgical planning, radiological diagnosis of pathologies at the craniovertebral junction, and forensic identification. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S119-S123
Correlation Between Facial Index and Maxillary Sinus Dimensions in CBCT Scans
Background The maxillary sinus, a key component of the midfacial skeleton, exhibits significant anatomical variability. The facial index, a craniometric ratio, classifies facial morphology and is influenced by underlying skeletal structure. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides a precise three-dimensional platform for evaluating these anatomical relationships. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 180 CBCT scans of adult patients (90 males, 90 females), categorized into three groups based on facial index: euryprosopic (n=60), mesoprosopic (n=60), and leptoprosopic (n=60). Facial index was calculated from 3D surface renderings. Maxillary sinus dimensions (width, height, length, and volume) were measured on axial, coronal, and sagittal reconstructions. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey tests, and Pearson correlation. Results A significant correlation was observed between facial index and maxillary sinus morphology. Euryprosopic individuals (wide faces) had significantly wider sinuses (mean width: 30.2 ± 2.5 mm) compared to mesoprosopic (27.8 ± 2.2 mm) and leptoprosopic (25.1 ± 2.1 mm) individuals (p < 0.001). Conversely, leptoprosopic individuals (long faces) had significantly longer sinuses (mean length: 38.5 ± 3.1 mm) compared to other groups (p < 0.001). A strong negative correlation was found between facial index and sinus width (r = -0.68, p < 0.001), and a strong positive correlation with sinus length (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). Conclusion The facial index is a significant predictor of maxillary sinus dimensions. Individuals with wider faces tend to have wider, shorter sinuses, while those with longer faces have narrower, longer sinuses. This correlation provides valuable anthropological data and has practical clinical applications in maxillofacial surgery, ENT, and implantology for pre-operative planning and anatomical assessment. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S124-S128
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid Ayidh Alqahtani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Music Therapy on Reducing Anxiety and Alleviating Physiological Stress in Patients Undergoing Dental Extractions - An evidence based study
Background Dental anxiety is prevalent and significant challenge for patients undergoing extractions. It not only make the dental visit unpleasant but can also complicate the process for both patients and dental care providers. Current approaches for managing dental anxiety involve distraction techniques, psychotherapeutic and cognitive therapy. Among these, music therapy has emerged as a particularly promising intervention due to its low cost, minimal risk, and wide applicability. Research suggests that music therapy may offer substantial benefits in reducing anxiety, alleviating pain perception, and improving overall patient outcomes, making it a valuable adjunct in the management of dental anxiety during extractions. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate consequences of music therapy on dental anxiety level in individuals undergoing surgical extractions through a questionnaire based approach. Methodology A total of 100 patients visiting the outpatient department and indicated for extraction were requested to provide there experience in a Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) questionnaire and were then subjected to listen music. Dental anxiety levels namely systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate were evaluated prior and subsequent to music therapy. The data acquired were then analysed employing SPSS software. Result The study demonstrated that dental anxiety was associated with significant hemodynamic changes, including increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in addition to heart rate, with the rise in diastolic pressure being particularly notable. A moderate level of anxiety was most prevalent (n=44), while fewer participants exhibited severe anxiety (n=14). In the cohort aged over 50 years, mild to moderate anxiety was predominantly observed, especially in males. Conclusion Music, with its ability to engage both the mind and emotions, is often seen as a powerful psychological and even spiritual tool for promoting relaxation and emotional well-being. Consequently, music therapy may serve as an anxiolytic intervention for stressful dental treatments. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S129-S136
Copyright (c) 2026 Priyadarshini Saswati, Panda Abikshyeet, Bhuyan Lipsa, M. Kiran Kumar, Kumawat Vinod, Mishra Pallavi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Adding 3% Chitosan, 2.5% Neem, and 0.5% Sodium Metabisulphite on Anti-microbial and Mechanical Properties of Heat Activated Denture Base Resin- An In Vitro Study
Background Denture stomatitis, commonly linked to microbial colonization on denture surfaces, remains a persistent challenge in prosthodontics. Incorporating antimicrobial agents into denture base resin represents a promising strategy to combat this condition while maintaining essential mechanical properties. The study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy, flexural strength, and impact resistance of heat-activated denture base resin modified with chitosan, neem, and sodium metabisulphite. Methodology A total of 160 samples were fabricated and allocated to four groups: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (3% chitosan), Group 3 (2.5% neem), and Group 4 (0.5% sodium metabisulphite). Each group was categorized into four subgroups, with 10 samples in each subset. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by counting colonyforming units (CFUs). Flexural strength (MPa) was determined with a universal testing machine, while impact strength (kJ/m²) was assessed using a Charpy impact tester. Data was analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc comparisons, and results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results All experimental groups exhibited reduced CFU counts. Chitosan and neem groups demonstrated statistically significant antimicrobial activity (p < 0.001), whereas sodium metabisulphite exhibited a limited effect. Flexural strength was reduced in the chitosan and neem groups, but it was not altered in the sodium metabisulphite group. No significant differences in impact strength were observed (p = 0.224). Conclusion Natural antimicrobials like chitosan and neem effectively enhance the antimicrobial performance of denture base resins, though with some compromise in flexural strength. Sodium metabisulphite, while mechanically stable, lacks strong antimicrobial potency. These findings highlight the potential of bioactive additives for functional improvement of denture materials, with implications for the prevention of denture-related infections. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S137-S145
Copyright (c) 2026 Pavithra Boobalan, Vivek V Nair, Mithu M G http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative finite element analysis of external and internal hex connections in mandibular All-on-4 implants under axial loading
Background The biomechanical performance of implant–abutment connection designs plays a crucial role in the long-term success of all-on-4 implant-supported prostheses. External hex connections (EHCs) and internal hex connections (IHCs) differ in geometry, load transfer, and mechanical stability, which may influence stress distribution and the likelihood of mechanical complications. Materials and Methods A three-dimensional finite element model of a mandible with an all-on-4 implant configuration was developed. Two connection designs—EHC and IHC—were simulated with identical implant positioning and prosthetic frameworks. A static axial load was applied to the distal cantilever region. Stress distribution was analyzed in key components including prosthetic screws, multi-unit abutments (MUAs), implant screws, and fixtures. Peak von Mises stress values were compared between the two connection groups. Results Both EHC and IHC configurations demonstrated biomechanical stability under axial loading. In both groups, the highest stress concentrations were observed in the prosthetic screws, followed by MUAs, indicating potential weak points in the posterior implants. The EHC group exhibited significantly lower peak stresses in critical components: the implant screw showed 37.75% lower stress and the implant fixture showed 33.03% lower stress compared to the IHC group. Overall, EHCs demonstrated more favorable stress distribution characteristics. Conclusion: External hex connections may offer biomechanical advantages over internal hex designs in all-on-4 mandibular prostheses by reducing stress transmission to implant screws and fixtures. Although both connection types performed within clinically acceptable limits, the reduced stress in the EHC group highlights its potential to minimize mechanical complications. Further experimental and clinical studies are recommended to validate these findings and support optimization of implant–abutment connection designs for full-arch restorations. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S146-S153
Copyright (c) 2026 R Padmini Rani, Aswini Kumar Kar, Purna Chandra Mishra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Its Correlation with Viral Load in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients from Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Background Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to pose a significant global health challenge, with viral load recognized as a crucial determinant of disease progression and prognosis. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in modulating immune responses and liver pathology through the gut– liver axis. Understanding microbial alterations associated with HBV viral load may offer insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Materials and Methods A total of 104 participants were enrolled and categorized into three groups: healthy controls, low viral load HBV patients, and high viral load HBV patients. Clinical and biochemical parameters were recorded. Fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess microbial diversity, taxonomic composition, and predicted functional pathways. Comparative analyses were performed across the groups to identify viral load–associated microbial changes. Results HBV-infected participants showed a marked reduction in gut microbial diversity compared to healthy controls. Notable taxonomic alterations included depletion of beneficial genera such as Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides, along with enrichment of potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria and Escherichia–Shigella. These changes were more pronounced in the high viral load group. Functional prediction analyses indicated significant disruptions in lipid metabolism pathways and an increase in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis processes, suggesting altered microbial functionality associated with disease severity. Conclusion The study demonstrates viral load–dependent gut dysbiosis in HBV-infected individuals, characterized by loss of beneficial commensals, expansion of pathogenic taxa, and functional metabolic disruption. These findings highlight the gut microbiota as a potential modifiable factor in HBV pathogenesis and support the exploration of microbiota-targeted therapies to enhance disease management. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S154-S158
Copyright (c) 2026 Nandini M S, Lakshmi K, Shoba T, Shenbhagaraman Ramalingam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transforming Osteoporosis Detection: Leveraging Vision Transformer using Radiographic Analysis of Mandibular Indices
Background Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone disease characterized by decreased bone density and structural deterioration, leading to increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis affects 200 million people globally, with one in three women and one in five men over 50 experiencing fractures. Early detection and intervention are crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality. Dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) can be valuable in identifying osteoporosis by analyzing mandibular indices such as the Mental Index, Panoramic Mandibular Index, Gonial Index, Antegonial Index, and Antegonial Depth. These indices reflect specific anatomical features of the mandible that may correlate with bone density changes indicative of osteoporosis. This study introduces a novel approach to osteoporosis detection using Vision Transformer architecture, focusing on long-range dependencies and complex spatial relationships in medical images, aiming for early clinical application. Methods The study will include 600 digital panoramic radiographs from female patients aged 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50- 60, 60-70, and above 70 years, for routine dental checkups and examinations. The data will be saved in DICOM format and morphometric measurements will be performed by two oral radiologists. Quantitative indices such as the Mental Index (MI), Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI), Gonial Index (G.I.), Antegonial Index (A.I.), and Antegonial Depth (A.D.) will be measured. The initial phase of the methodology involves meticulous acquisition and processing of digital panoramic radiographs, which were divided into six age groups. Each radiograph undergoes comprehensive quality assessment, evaluating technical parameters including brightness, contrast, and positioning accuracy. The preprocessing pipeline uses a multi-stage approach, including histogram equalization, Gaussian filtering, CLAHE, and unsharp masking techniques, to enhance contrast and reduce noise. The annotation and the labeling process uses a rigorous multi-reader approach to ensure data quality and reliability, providing a structured summary of key indices and clinical observations and subjected to transformers architecture. Results The Vision Transformer (ViT) model is highly accurate for osteoporosis detection, identifying 96.5% of cases. However, its lower sensitivity raises concerns about its effectiveness. DenseNet-169 and EfficientNet-B4 models are reliable options, with DenseNet-169 promoting feature reuse and EfficientNet-B4 balancing computational efficiency and performance. ResNet-152 needs improvement for accurate patient identification. The “ViT (Best Tuned)” model is the superior choice for osteoporosis detection in dental panoramic radiographs. Conclusion The study explores transformer models for osteoporosis detection using dental panoramic radiographs, highlighting the potential of A.I. in early diagnosis and timely intervention. Future research should focus on creating diverse datasets and integrating multi-modal data like medical history, genetic predispositions, and imaging techniques for better accuracy. This could enhance predictive capability and make machine learning a crucial component of proactive osteoporosis management and patient care. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S159-S169
Copyright (c) 2026 Prabhu Manickam Natarajan, Mohamed Jaber, Vijay Desai, Bhuminathan Swamikannu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hybrid odontogenic tumor of calcifying odontogenic cyst, ameloblastic fibroma, and complex odontoma: A rare case presentation
Mixed odontogenic Tumor comprise two or more structurally different components. They comprise of more than two contrasting lesions are extremely rare and often pose a significant diagnostic challenge. Gorlin cyst is a rare developmental odontogenic cyst with locally pugnacious nature and have been reported to occur in association with other odontogenic lesions like Miscellaneous ameloblastic tumor, odontoma, AOT, ameloblastoma, Epitheliomesenchymal ameloblastoma and myxomateous odontogenic tumor. Herein, we present a case of Mixed odontogenic tumour of Gorlin cyst, complex odontoma, and miscellaneous ameloblastic tumour occurring in the left mandibular region of a young female patient. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S170-S174
Copyright (c) 2026 Duttatrayee Das, Lipsa Bhuyan, Abikshyeet Panda, Kailash Chandra Dash,Pallavi Mishra, Alkananda Sahoo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Rare Case of Grade II Chondrosarcoma of the Maxilla: Diagnostic Pitfalls in Histopathology
Background Chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor characterized by persistent cartilaginous differentiation, comprising only 0.1% of head and neck tumors. Within the craniofacial region, commonly affected sites include the larynx, nasal cavity, maxilla, ethmoid and sphenoid bones, and mandible. This report presents a case of Grade II chondrosarcoma of the maxilla presenting a dianostic dilemma in incisional biopsy sample. Case Presentation: A 59-year-old male presented with a one-year history of painless, progressive swelling and discomfort in the right upper jaw. Intraoral examination revealed a well-defined proliferative mass (6 × 4 cm) on the right palate, firm to bony-hard and tender on palpation. Orthopantomogram (OPG) showed an ill-defined radiolucency in the right posterior maxilla extending into the maxillary sinus, with thinning and resorption of the sinus floor and buccal cortex. Histopathological analysis of an incisional biopsy revealed neoplastic chondrocytes within lacunar spaces in a chondroid matrix, with nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia. Although some areas appeared benign, multiple sections confirmed features consistent with Grade II chondrosarcoma. Surgical management included wide local excision via an intraoral infrastructural maxillectomy. Conclusion Craniofacial chondrosarcoma presents significant diagnostic challenges due to its resemblance to benign cartilage tumors. Accurate diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating imaging, biopsy, and thorough histopathological evaluation. Early identification is critical to ensure timely and effective treatment. This case highlights the importance of recognizing rare maxillary malignancies and reinforces the need for vigilance in distinguishing benign from malignant cartilage lesions. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S175-S179
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohanty Rajat, Sangamesh N C, Panda Abikshyeet, Pathi Jugajyoti, Raghuvanshi Malvika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An unusual variant of primary oral malignant myxoid melanoma with varied clinical significance
Malignant myxoid melanoma histologically presents as atypical spindle cells in a background of dense mucin deposition in connective tissue. It a is a rare variant of malignant melanoma. A substantial overlap in clinical and pathologic features of this variant with other arrays of myxoid containing tumors makes a definitive diagnosis challenging. The myxoid component seen is a response to the tumor cells and therefore is usually seen in metastatic lesions. Though few cases have been reported on skin and face, this case reports the first case of primary myxoid malignant melanoma in the oral cavity. To conclude, proper co-relation of histopathological and immunohistochemical study is the gateway for final diagnosis of myxoid variant of malignant melanoma. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S180-S183
Copyright (c) 2026 Pallavi Mishra, Lipsa Bhuyan , Krishna Sireesha Sundaragiri, Prachurya Dakshinakabat, Harikrishnan Prasad, Vijay Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Post-maxillectomy rehabilitation of a rhino-cerebral mucormycosis case with a patient-specific eposteal implant-supported removable hollow bulb obturator: A case report
Rhino-cerebral mucormycosis is a rare and rapidly progressing angio-invasive infection affecting immunocompromised individuals, with an extensive surgical resection of the affected bone resulting in a huge defect. Rehabilitation of such surgical defects requires bone augmentation and extended rehabilitation time, with donor site morbidity and inconsistent graft resorption rates. Patient-specific eposteal implants (PSEI) are an alternative approach that can circumvent the shortcomings mentioned above with accuracy and reduced operating time. Quad-zygoma implantssupported prosthesis and removable obturators with cast-partial framework are the other rehabilitation methods in the literature. PSEIs shall be the choice where inadequate zygomatic bone restricts the endosteal zygomatic implant placements. The presented patient suffered from speech disarticulation, dysphagia, food and fluid reflux, and hypernasal twang. The present case report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a post-rhino-cerebral mucormycotic surgical defect with a PSEI-supported removable hollow bulb obturator with a 12-month post-prosthetic follow-up. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25. Supplementary Issue 2026, Page : S184-S187
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranganathan Ajay, Saravanan-Ulagammal Arrvinthan, Kalyanasundaram Srinath, Mylswamy Shivaranjan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0