Micronutrient Deficiencies in Female Football Players - A Narrative Review

Abstract

Female football players experience substantial physiological and metabolic demands, making adequate micronutrient status essential for energy metabolism, oxygen transport, musculoskeletal health, and immune function. Iron and vitamin D deficiencies are particularly important nutritional concerns among female athletes. This narrative review synthesized evidence on micronutrient deficiencies among female football players and their implications for health and athletic performance. Literature published from January 2010 to June 2025 was searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, , Scopus, and Google Scholar using terms related to female football players, micronutrient deficiencies, iron, vitamin D, and sports nutrition. Relevant observational studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and narrative reviews were analyzed narratively. Iron deficiency was the most frequently reported nutritional concern, while vitamin D deficiency was also commonly reported. Factors associated with micronutrient inadequacy included menstrual blood loss, high training loads, inadequate dietary intake, restrictive diets, limited sunlight exposure, and low energy availability associated with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Deficiencies may adversely affect endurance, muscle function, recovery, bone health, and injury risk. Regular nutritional assessment, targeted screening, and appropriate dietary strategies may help improve health and athletic performance. Further research, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, is needed.

KYAMC Journal Vol. 16, No. 04, January 2026: 217-227.