Comparative Study of Efficacy and Histological Effects against Eobania vermiculata Snail Using Biosynthetic Silver Nanoparticles with Garlic Extract as a Sustainable Alternative to Metaldehyde

Abstract

Background: Traditional control methods rely on conventional chemical pesticides such as metaldehyde, and their continuous use leads to toxic accumulations that harm non-target organisms, soil ecosystems, and even plants.

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a nano-extract from garlic Allium sativum as alternative to metaldehyde in controlling Eobania vermiculata.

Methodology: This experimental laboratory study was conducted in the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq. Between November 2025 and January 2026, where 120 land snails were collected. Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized using green method and characterized by SEM and AFM, FTIR and UV-Vis. Oral toxicity tests were conducted using concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 mg/g of the nano-extract.

Results: The bioactive garlic nano-extract exhibited an efficacy of approximately 95%, comparable to that of metaldehyde. SEM and AFM revealed relatively stable and homogeneous particles, FTIR confirmed the presence of bioactive functional groups and UV-Vis confirmed successful biosynthesis. Histological examinations also demonstrated clear cellular degeneration, necrosis, and degeneration of the digestive and reproductive glands.

Conclusion: Support the potential for adopting bio-nano-extract of garlic as a sustainable and environmentally safe alternative to traditional chemical pesticides in controlling Eobania vermiculata.

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1): 153-159