Assessment of Chemokines and Coagulating Factors in Sample of Iraqi Patient with Vitamin D3 Deficiency

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D3 deficiency is associated with immune dysregulation, increased chemokine expression, and alterations in coagulation, indicating its role in inflammatory and hemostatic imbalance.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute vitamin D3 deficiency on chemokines C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), and coagulation factors, including prothrombin (PT), fibrinogen (FG), and antihemophilic factor (FVIII) in women.

Methodology: This case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, from January 2025 to September 2025. It comprised 60 female patients with vitamin D3 deficiency. Vitamin D3, CCL2, CXCL12 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA and C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels by sandwich immunodetection method were determined, as well as PT, FG, and FVIII also by ELISA, and complete blood count (CBC) by electrical impedance and colorimetric method to detect parameters.

Results: The results showed significantly elevated levels of CCL2, CXCL12, and CRP in patients with severe vitamin D3 deficiency compared with healthy controls, whereas no notable differences were observed in complete blood count parameters. In terms of coagulation factors, patients exhibited reduced PT levels along with increased FVIII activity and FG concentrations. Correlation analysis revealed an inverse association between vitamin D3 status and CCL2 in the patient group.

Conclusion: Our study has shown a link to inflammatory chemokines, CCL2, and coagulation factor changes without hematological changes. The negative correlation between vitamin D3 and CCL2 highlights that vitamins have immunomodulatory effects and may relate to secondary imbalance of hemostasis.

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):126-136