Human-on-a-Chip Technology: A View on Novel Approaches for Precision Medication Therapy
Keywords:
Human-on-a-chip technology; Body-on-a-chip; in vitro models; microfluidics; Organ-on-a-Chip; personalized medicineAbstract
Traditional drug discovery relies heavily on animal models and conventional in vitro systems; however, their ability to accurately predict human responses remains limited. Humanon- a-chip (HOC) technology has emerged as an advanced microphysiological platform that integrates multiple organ-ona- chip (OOC) systems within a microfluidic network to replicate human physiological functions and inter-organ interactions. Unlike single OOC models that focus on individual organ functions, HOC systems enable the study of complex systemic processes, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of therapeutic agents. HOC platforms combine microfluidics, microsystem engineering, and cellular biology to recreate physiologically relevant human microenvironments in vitro. Progression from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) culture systems and ultimately to HOC technology has substantially improved the ability to model human responses to drugs and diseases. These platforms offer significant advantages over conventional preclinical models by enhancing predictive accuracy, reducing reliance on animal testing, and supporting personalized medicine approaches. This review discusses the fundamental concepts of HOC technology, including design strategies, microfabrication and bioprinting methods, biological applications, and current challenges. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of HOC systems in drug discovery, disease modeling, toxicity assessment, and precision medicine. Although technical and standardization challenges remain, HOC technology has demonstrated considerable promise in improving preclinical screening efficiency and reducing research and development costs. Continued advances in fabrication methods, validation protocols, and regulatory acceptance are expected to accelerate the clinical and industrial adoption of HOC platforms.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25 No. 04 October’26 Page: 1080-1098
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Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Akram, Bushra Mazhar, Somia Gul
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