Diabetics and Oral Health: A Case-Control Study

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Update Dental College Journal (UpDCJ) : ISSN 2226-8715 eISSN 2307-3160, E-mail: updcj@hotmail.com; Website: https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/UpDCJ Diabetics and Oral Health: A Case-Control Study Dr. Mohammad Nazmul Kabir, Dr. Md. Monoarul Islam , Dr. Md. Shahrin Tarafder


INTRODUCTION:
Diabetics Mellitus is a clinical condition characterized by Hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. 1 According to WHO, about 422 million people worldwide have diabetics, most of them are low and middle income countries and 1.6 million deaths are directly due to diabetics each year . WHO declares that diabetes is increasing day by day and it will be reach 700 million by 2045 2 . Diabetes causes lower resistance to infection, low healing rate and which ultimately develop oral health problem such as taste disturbances, dry/burning mouth, lichen planus and also systemic problem. The number of people with diabetics is increasing due to aging, urbanization and increase prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity. 3 Now a day diabetics is major burden upon health care facilities in all countries.

MATERIALS METHODS:
This study was a case-control type of Study which carried out in the dental department of Cox's Bazar Medical college Hospital. This Study was conducted from June 2020 to January 2021. A total 150 Diabetics (Males-90, females-60) and 150 Non-diabetics (Males-78, Females-72) is the age group of 30-70 Years were selected for the study who visiting the out patients department of Cox's Bazar Medical College hospital for dental problem. from June 2020 To January 2021. Data were collected by simple random sampling technique through direct interview of both diabetics and non-diabetics patients and clinical examination of oral cavity. The control group have no known disease and used no drugs. A verbal consent was taken from the study samples.

RESULTS:
The study was carried out among 150 diabetics patients and 150 non-diabetics patients of Cox's Bazar Medical College Hospital, Cox's Bazar from June 2020 to January 2021. Data 33 | P a g e Website: https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/UpDCJ was presented through tables and figures and they are given below:  Table: I shows among the study population diabetics male were 60%, female were 40% and non-diabetics male were 52% and female were 48%.

Assessment of Dental Caries:
The prevalence of Dental caries was 58.6% and 21.6% in diabetics and non diabetics. The percentage of study population with of least one missing tooth was 54.6% and 41.2% in diabetics and non diabetics. The percentage of study population with at least one restoration was more in non diabetics 32% than diabetics 16%.

Assessment of Periodontal Condition (Periodontitis):
The prevalence of periodontal disease (Chronic Periodontitis) was higher in diabetics (93.2%) than non-diabetics (82.6%). CPITN is used for the assessment.   DISCUSSION: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic diseases that causes high blood sugar. Diabetes is measured by both history taking and plasma glucose test. Mean blood glucose level in diabetic 11.2 mmol/L and in non diabetic 6.2 mmol/L. In our study prevalence of Dental Caries was more in diabetics than in non-diabetics. [Fig-1]. Similar study done by jonathan et al 4 who shows that diabetics increase the dental caries because low salivary flow and increase level of blood and salivary glucose that allow dental plaque to build upon teeth that higher the risk of dental caries in diabetic patients. Other study such as Irab et al 5 who also found the higher carious lesion in diabetic patient due to increase blood glucose level and intake of carbohydrate containing food. In this study prevalence periodontal disease was more in  Fig-2]. Similar study was reported by JV bharatesh et al 6 who agree that diabetic patients has higher in periodontal disease than in nondiabetics due to gingival recession and alveolar bone resorption. Other researcher, such as G. Rutger et al 7 also agree with this study. Epidemiological study, WA Soskolne 8 and American academy of periodontology/perio.org also found the similar result and those researcher are also agree with this above report/result. In this study, oral mucosal lesions was more in diabetics than non-diabetics because of lower resistance to infection. Similar report was found in Miguel franklin alves silva et al 9 who did a study on prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in diabetic patients. All levels of treatment needs was found to be high in diabetics than in non-diabetics in this study. These report did not agree with basic and plancak 10 who study that lower treatment needs in both the groups because in consciousness and motivate the patients toward dental treatment and patients perception of dental treatment required in different societies.

CONCLUSION:
Diabetes mellitus is most common health problem in developing countries. Regular oral care in necessary for diabetic patients. This disease/condition is increasing day by day due to physical inactivity. If this condition is uncontrolled causes oral health problem as well as also developed pathologic lesion. From this study, we are found that prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was high in diabetics than nondiabetics. All the treatment needs were more in diabetics than non-diabetics. Complex treatment required more in diabetics than non-diabetics. So regular dental care in necessary for diabetic patients.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
Author declared no conflict of interest.