PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN IMPROVING GROWTH AND YIELD OF BORO RICE

A field experiment was conducted at two locations i.e. at Soil Science Field of Bangladesh Agricultural University and at Farmer’s field of Fakirakanda village of Mymensingh Sadar to evaluate the effects of different organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of rice (BRRI dhan28). The experiments at each location containing seven treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were T0: Control, T1: 75% RFD; T2: 100% RFD, T3: 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (5 tha -1 ), T4: 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (3 t ha -1 ), T5: 75% RFD + Poultry manure (3 t ha -1 ) and T6: 75% RFD + Cow dung (5 t ha -1 ). Application of poultry manure as well as Kazi Jaibo Shar showed positive effects on yield attributes, grain and straw yields of rice, nutrient (N, P, K and S) contents and uptake by grain, straw and in total. The performance of 75% RFD with poultry manure @ 3 t ha -1 was the best in producing yield components, grain and straw yields of rice. At both locations, the performance of same dose (3 t ha -1 ) of poultry manure and Kazi Jaibo Shar was almost similar in producing growth and yield contributing characters, grain and straw yields, nutrient content and uptake by rice while each of these manures compensated up to 25% of recommended chemical fertilizers. Therefore, considering the soil health, poultry manure or Kazi Jaibo Shar @ 3 t ha -1 is recommended for growth and yield enhancement in rice.


INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is predominantly an agrarian country where agriculture sector contributes about 17 percent to the country GDP and employs more than 45 percent of total labour force (BBS, 2016). Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important cereal crop and the staple dietary item for the people in Bangladesh and the agriculture sector of the country is largely dominated by rice cultivation. The total area and production of rice are about 11.38 million hectares and 34.71 million metric tons, respectively (BBS, 2016). The average yield of rice in Bangladesh is comparatively lower than those of other South East Asian countries like China, Japan, Korea and Indonesia etc. which might be due to soil fertility depletion as well as poor fertilizer management. Due to ever-rising population, food security has become a key concern in Bangladesh. Consequently, maintenance of soil fertility is necessary for sustainable agriculture and future food security (Majumdar et al., 2016). Hence, to achieve improved and sustainable crop production, the strategy of organic matter and balanced fertilizer management is essential.
Increasing cropping intensity, use of modern varieties (high yielding varieties and hybrids), cultivation of high biomass potential crops, nutrient leaching and unbalanced fertilizer application, with no or little addition of organic manure have resulted in nutrient mining from Bangladesh soils (BARC, 2012). To stop nutrient mining, it is not justified to increase the use of only inorganic fertilizers but the use of organic sources of plant nutrients viz. cow dung, poultry manure, compost, green manure should also be considered. Many farmers use higher amount of inorganic fertilizers while they seldom use organic fertilizers e.g. compost, poultry manure, cow dung. This practice creates imbalance use of fertilizers, which in turn produces a negative impact on crop production. The beneficial aspects of cow dung, poultry manure and compost in increasing crop growth and productivity and maintaining soil fertility have been proven. To increase the efficiency of manure and fertilizer in rice cultivation, it is necessary to identify the suitable combination of manure and fertilizer (Mitu et al. 2017). In recent years, the use of organic fertilizers as alternatives of chemical fertilizers in order to enhance rice production has gained much significance. Kazi Jaibo Shar is a newly developed organic fertilizer based on poultry manure, which is enriched with various nutrient elements. The present study was conducted to clarify the effectiveness of different organic fertilizers at various locations for improving growth, yield and nutritional quality of rice for use as substitute of inorganic fertilizers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comparative study was performed at two different locations viz. Soil Science Field laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh and a farmer's field at Fakirakanda village of Mymensingh Sadar during the boro season of 2017-2018. The soils of the experimental sites belong to the Sonatala series under the AEZ 9 (Old Brahmaputra Floodplain). The soil of BAU farm was silt loam in texture having pH 6.27, organic matter content 1.95%, total N 0.136%, available P 3.16 ppm, exchangeable K 0.095 % and available S 10.5 ppm whereas the soil of farmer's field was loam in texture with pH 6.39, organic matter content 2.5%, total N 0.168%, available P 4.76 ppm, exchangeable K 0.13 me% and available S 12.47 ppm.
The doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) were 150, 20, 65, 18 and 2 kg ha -1 following the Fertilizer Recommendation Guide (BARC, 2012) in form of urea, triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP), gypsum and zinc oxide, respectively. The full doses of chemical fertilizers except urea were applied before transplanting as basal dose to all the experimental plots. Organic manures viz. poultry manure, cow dung and Kazi Jaibo Shar were also applied during final land preparation. Urea was applied in three equal splits as top dressing; first installment at 12 days after transplanting (DAT), second installment at 30 DAT i.e. at maximum tillering stage and third installment at 50 DAT i.e. booting stage of the crop.
Different intercultural operations such as irrigation, weeding, pest control were performed as and when required. The rice was harvested at full maturity on 10 June 2018.The data on growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of effective tillers hill -1 , panicle length, number of filled and unfilled grains panicle -1 , 1000-grain weight, dry and fresh weight of root were recorded at harvest. The grain and straw yields were measured plot wise and expressed as t ha -1 on sundry basis.
The collected grain and straw samples from each plot were dried in an oven at 65°C for about 48 hours and then ground by a grinding machine. Later, the ground samples were sieved through a 20-mesh sieve. The ground plant materials were stored in paper bags separately and placed in a desiccator. The plant samples were chemically analyzed for determination of N, P, K and S contents. The total N, available P, exchangeable K and available S of plant samples were determined following semimicro Kjeldahl method (Bremner and Mulvaney, 1982), modified Olsen method (Olsen et al., 1954), NH 4 OAc extraction method (Knudsen et al., 1982), and CaCl 2 extraction method (Williams and Steinbergs,1959), respectively.
After chemical analysis of grain and straw samples of rice, the nutrient uptake was calculated from the nutrient content and yield of the crop using the following formula; where, TU = total nutrient uptake (kg ha -1 ), NC = nutrient concentration (%), and Y = yield (kg ha -1 ).
All the data were statistically analyzed by F-test and the mean differences were ranked by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Differences at p<0.05 were considered significant.

Growth parameters of BRRI dhan28
Application of Kazi Jaibo Shar had significant effects on the growth parameters of BRRI dhan28 viz. plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of root plant -1 at both BAU farm as well as in Farmer's field (Table 1). At BAU farm, the highest value for plant height (99.40 cm) was observed in T 5 treatment (75% RFD + Poultry manure 3 t ha -1 ) which was statistically similar with those of T 3 treatment (75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar 5 t ha -1 ) and T 4 (75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar 3 t ha -1 ) treatments. The shortest plant of 82.33 cm was found in T 6 treatment (75% RFD + Cow dung 5 t ha -1 ). The tallest plant of 83.33 cm at farmer's field was found in T 2 (100% RFD) which was statistically identical with those of T 3 , T 4 and T 5 . Root length was statistically similar in six treatments but significantly better to control at both locations. For both fresh and dry weight of roots, the highest values (23 and 8.27 g, respectively) were observed in T 4 treatment with the lowest values in control (14.33 and 3.87 g, respectively). The growth parameters of BRRI dhan28 grown at Farmer's field had more or less similar trend (Table 1). The maximum values for root length (14.27 cm), fresh weight of root (23.63 g) and dry weight of root (7.70 g) plant -1 were recorded from T 4 (Table 1) where Kazi Jaibo Shar was applied @ 3 t ha -1 with 75% RFD. Tazmin et al. 2015 andIslam et al. 2012 also reported that application of manure and fertilizers enhanced the yield contributing the character of rice. T 0: Control; T 1 : 75% RFD; T 2 : 100% RFD; T 3 : 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (5 tha -1 ); T 4 : 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (3 t ha -1 ); T 5 : 75% RFD + Poultry manure (3 tha -1 ); T 6 : 75% RFD + Cow dung (5 tha -1 ); CV = Co-efficient of variation; SE = Standard error of means

Yield parameters of BRRI dhan28
Number of effective tillers hill -1 , panicle length, number of filled grains panicle -1 and number of unfilled grains panicle -1 were significantly affected by different treatments while 1000-grain weight remained statistically unaffected (Table 2). At BAU farm, the treatment T 5 (75% RFD + Poultry manure 3 t ha -1 ) produced the highest number of effective tillers hill -1 (15.60) and the longest panicle (23.60 cm) which were statistically similar with those of treatments T 1 (75% RFD), T 2 (100% RFD), T 3 (75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar 5 t ha -1 ) and T 4 (75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar 3 tha -1 ). Interestingly, the maximum number of filled grains panicle -1 (99.47) and the minimum number of unfilled grains panicle -1 (12.27) were recorded in T 4 treatment. For most of the yield parameters (except 1000-grain weight), the lowest values were observed in control treatment. A little difference was found in the yield contributing characters of rice cultivated at Farmer's field where the highest number of effective tillers hill -1 (16.03) was recorded in T 4 which has no statistical difference with that of T 5 . Similar with the result of BAU farm, the tallest panicle of 23.60 cm and the maximum number of filled grains panicle -1 (96.33) were observed in T 5 which were statistically identical with those of T 2 , T 3 and T 4 treatments. Notably, the lowest number of effective tillers hill -1 (10.67), the lowest panicle length (18.27 cm) and the lowest number of unfilled grains panicle -1 (8.60) were recorded in T 6 treatment where cow dung was applied @ 5 t ha -1 with 75% RFD. Better yield components such as higher panicle length, increased number of effective tillers hill -1 and increased number of filled grains panicle -1 with poultry manure with inorganic fertilizers were also suggested by Islam et al 2018, Ali et al., 2018, Sarker et al., 2015and Hossaen et al. (2011. Better growth under combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments resulted in higher yield contributing characters that ultimately led to higher grain and straw yields of rice. Table 2. Effect of different organic fertilizers on yield parameters of BRRI dhan28 T 0: Control; T 1 : 75% RFD; T 2 : 100% RFD; T 3 : 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (5 t ha -1 ); T 4 : 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (3 t ha -1 ); T 5 : 75% RFD + Poultry manure (3 t ha -1 ); T 6 : 75% RFD + Cowdung (5 t ha -1 ); CV = Co-efficient of variation; SE = Standard error of means
Almost similar findings were noted in the yield of BRRI dhan28 grown at Farmer's field where the grain yield varied from 3.17 to 6.73 t ha -1 and the straw yield ranged from 3.80 to 7.89 t ha -1 . For both grain and straw yields, treatment T 5 produced the highest yields and the control produced the lowest yields. The highest yields from T 5 were statistically identical with the yields from T 2 , T 3 , T 4 and T 6 for grain and with the yield from T 2 for straw.
At BAU farm, the percent increase in rice yield over control ranged from 35.42 to 76.29 for grain and 19.07 to 50.91 for straw (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the percent increase in rice yield over control at farmer's field varied from 68.14 to 112.30 for grain and 62.37 to 107.63 for straw For both grain and straw yield, T 5 treatment gave the highest yield increase over control, respectively. Yield enhancement of rice by applying poultry manure in association with chemical fertilizers was reported by many researchers (Ali et al., 2018;Islam et al., 2012Islam et al., , 2018Roy et al., 2018;Bhuiyan et al., 2015;Sarker et al., 2015;Tazmin et al. 2015;Issaka et al. 2014;Sangeetha et al., 2013;Hossaen et al., 2011;Hasanuzzaman et al., 2010;Myint et al., 2010).

Nutrient uptake by BRRI dhan28
Uptake of nutrients (N, P, K and S) by BRRI dhan28 varied significantly due to addition of Kazi Jaibo Shar with inorganic fertilizers (Table 5a and 5b). At BAU farm, the values for grain N-uptake, straw N-uptake and total N-uptake varied from 36.0 to 78.0, 47.3 to 75.7 and 83.7 to 152.3 kg ha -1 , respectively (Table 5a). The maximum values for both grain N-uptake and total N-uptake were found in T 5 treatment while the maximum value for straw-N-uptake was observed in T 4 . Again, the uptake of grain-P, straw P and total P ranged from 9.7 to 25.0, 6.0 to 10.3, and 15.7 to 34.0 kg ha -1 , respectively. In the same manner, T 4 and T 5 performed the best in grain P uptake and straw P-uptake, respectively; while total P-uptake was same for both treatments. Table 5a. Effect of different organic fertilizers on N and P uptake by BRRI dhan28 T 0: Control; T 1 : 75% RFD; T 2 : 100% RFD; T 3 : 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (5 tha -1 ); T 4 : 75% RFD + Kazi Jaibo Shar (3 t ha -1 ); T 5 : 75% RFD + Poultry manure (3 tha -1 ); T 6 : 75% RFD + Cowdung (5 tha -1 ); CV = Co-efficient of variation; SE = Standard error of means At farmer's field, the values for grain-N uptake, straw N-uptake and total N uptake ranged from 29.7 to 80.7, 35.0 to 84.0 and 65.0 to 164.7 kg ha -1 , respectively (Table  5a). The highest values for grain-N uptake, straw N-uptake and total N uptake were found in T 5 treatment. Furthermore, the uptake of grain-P, straw P and total P varied from 8.0 to 25.7, 5.0 to 11.0, and 12.3 to 37.3 kg ha -1 , respectively. Similarly, in all three cases of P-uptake (grain P, straw P and total P), the highest values were observed in T 5 treatment. While, there was no significant variation in N and P uptake between treatment T 4 and T 5 for both grain and straw.
At BAU farm, the values for grain-K uptake, straw K-uptake and total K uptake varied from 4.7 to 10.7, 71.0 to 133.0 and 75.7 to 143.3 kg ha -1 , respectively (Table  5b). The maximum values for both straw-K uptake and total K uptake were found in T 4 while the maximum value for grain-K uptake was observed in T 5 treatment. Again, the uptake of grain-S, straw-S and total S ranged from 10.0 to 23.0, 10.0 to 22.7, and 19.7 to 44.3 kg ha -1 , respectively. In the same manner with K-uptake, treatment T 4 caused the highest straw-S uptake and total S uptake while T 4 performed the best in grain S-uptake.
In case of Farmer's field, the values for grain-K uptake, straw K-uptake and total K uptake varied from 4.0 to 11.0, 51.7 to 138.0 and 56.0 to 149.0 kg ha -1 , respectively while the uptake of grain-S, straw-S and total S ranged from 9.3 to 24.  (Table 5b). For both K and S, the maximum values for grain uptake, straw uptake and total uptake were observed in T 5 treatment.
Notably, there was no statistical difference between treatment T 4 and T 5 for grain Kuptake as well as S-uptake by grain and straw. In case of all four nutrient elements (N, P, K and S), the lowest uptake was recorded in control treatments at both BAU farm and Farmer's field. The results of our study were partially accorded to those of several comparable studies of some researchers (Roy et al., 2018;Saha et al., 2014;Hossain et al., 2010) who observed increased uptake of N, P, K and S in rice due to application of poultry manure combined with inorganic fertilizers.

CONCLUSION
From the above results, it may be concluded that organic fertilizersin form of poultry manure has a potential to increase the growth parameters, yield components, grain and straw yields and nutritional quality of rice. The use of Kazi Jaibo Shar as an organic fertilizer for rice also had positive effects on growth, yield as well as nutrient content and uptake by the crop. The performance of Kazi compost @ 3 t ha -1 is comparable with poultry manure of the same dose in association with chemical fertilizers, and the effect of each of these manures can compensate up to 25% reduction of recommended chemical fertilizers. Further long-term experimentation in different locations with different crop species is necessary to draw a valid conclusion on effectiveness of these manures.