Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries
Official journal of AgroAID Foundation. RALF is an open access and peer-reviewed online and printed journal that aims to publish high quality papers to make rapidly available to researchers nation and worldwide. It publishes high quality and novelty scientific papers focusing on Agriculture and allied sciences, Veterinary/Animal Science and allied subjects, and Fisheries / Aquaculture and Marine sciences. Full text articles available on BanglaJOL. Content also available here. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries is included on DOAJ.
Creative Commons All RALF articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License. Readers can copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Copyright Submission of a manuscript implies that authors have met the requirements of the editorial policy and publication ethics. Authors retain the copyright of their articles published in the journal. However, authors agree that their articles remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License.
Prevalence Assessment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Based on Rapid Test and Protein Ratio Analysis in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal systemic disease of domestic cats caused by a virulent mutant feline coronavirus (FCoV). Despite its global significance, epidemiological data on FIP in Bangladesh remain scarce. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical patterns, and key risk indicators of FIP among domestic cats in Dhaka from January to May 2025. A total of 300 cats of various breeds (local, Persian, and mixed) presented to veterinary clinics were enrolled with owner consent under a cross-sectional study design. Rapid antigen detection (Testsealabs, China) was used for initial screening, and the albumin-globulin (A/G) ratio was assessed as a supportive diagnostic tool. FIP was confirmed in 200 cats (66.67%). Mixed-breed (50%) and local cats (33.33%) accounted for the majority of positive cases. The highest prevalence was observed in the 60–120-day age group. Female cats demonstrated higher infection and fatality rates, whereas male cats showed comparatively better recovery outcomes. Clinically, the dry form (48%) and wet form (40%) were most commonly observed, with the wet form exhibiting the highest fatality rate (67.5%). Protein profiling revealed that 82 cats-predominantly female local breeds-had a markedly low A/G ratio (<0.4), strongly supporting FIP infection. These findings highlight a considerable burden of FIP among domestic cats in Bangladesh and underscore the urgent need for improved diagnostic surveillance, greater owner awareness, and enhanced management practices to mitigate its impact. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 427-436
Copyright (c) 2025 Rupsana Perven Borsha, Maruf Hasan, M A Zabbar, Md Roknuzzaman Khan, Md Akib Zabed, Al Wasef, Md Mahedi Hassan, Gopal Chandra Das http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Feeding Practices of Livestock at Jamalpur Sadar Upazilla in Jamalpur District of Bangladesh
This study assessed livestock feeding practices, feed resource utilization, and rice straw feeding methods in Jamalpur Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh. A field survey was conducted among 20 small, medium, and large farms using a structured questionnaire. Information on livestock population, feeding systems, milk yield, and animal health was collected through interviews and on-farm observations, and data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The livestock composition consisted of 56% cattle, 29% dairy cows, and 14% small ruminants, with crossbred cattle accounting for 64% of the total herd due to their higher milk-producing potential. The average daily milk yield was 6.0 L for crossbred cows and 1.5 L for indigenous cows, contributing to a total daily production of 553 L across the surveyed farms. Commercial feeding systems were practiced by 40% of large farms, whereas small and medium farms predominantly relied on traditional or mixed feeding systems (15% and 45%, respectively). Rice straw was used as a major roughage source in all farms; 80% used unprocessed straw, and 20% used processed forms. Additionally, 45% of farmers practiced grazing, while 55% provided cut-and-carry grass. Unconventional feed resources such as vegetable waste, rice gruel, and fruit peels were also used. The findings indicate that most farmers in Jamalpur Sadar Upazila possess limited knowledge of scientific feeding practices, resulting in predominantly traditional systems that do not meet optimal nutritional requirements. Strengthening farmer training, promoting balanced ration formulation, and encouraging improved straw processing technologies are essential to enhance livestock nutrition and productivity in the region. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 437-447
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahzabin Farzana, Shanaz Alam Sunny, Md Mosharaf Hossain, Mofassara Akter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Powder Supplementation on Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
This study evaluated the impact of dietary green tea (Camellia sinensis) powder supplementation on growth performance and hematological parameters in broiler chickens. A total of 150 Cobb-500 chicks were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: a control group (T₀; basal diet), an antibiotic-supplemented group (T₁; basal diet + amoxicillin 30% at 1 g/kg feed), and a green tea–supplemented group (T₂; basal diet + 0.5% green tea powder). All birds were reared for 35 days under uniform management conditions. Performance indicators—including body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), dressing percentage, offal weight, intestinal length—and hematological variables (TEC, Hb, PCV, SGOT, and SGPT) were recorded. Broilers receiving green tea exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.001) final body weight (2004.88 ± 6.96 g) and the lowest FCR (1.49), outperforming both the antibiotic (1.54) and control groups (1.61). Hematological profiles also improved markedly (P < 0.001) in the green tea group. Green tea supplementation increased dressing and offal weight percentages without negative effects on bird health. Overall, the findings suggest that inclusion of 0.5% green tea powder in broiler diets enhances growth and physiological status and may serve as a promising natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 449-454
Copyright (c) 2025 Shuvo Datta, Md Aktaruzzaman, Md Siddiqul Islam, Md Anwar Hossain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Processing and Partial Substitution of Baobab Seed Meal on Commercial Ross Broilers’ Growth Performance
The increasing global population and climate-related challenges have intensified the search for alternative, non-competing protein sources to replace conventional feed proteins. This study evaluated the effects of partially substituting roasted soybean meal with baobab seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of commercial Ross broiler chickens in Tongwe, Ward 4, Beitbridge District, Zimbabwe. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with two iso-nitrogenous dietary treatments, each replicated six times with eight birds per replicate. Sorghum served as the primary energy source, while soybean and baobab seed meals provided protein. Sorghum was ash-treated to reduce tannins, soybeans were roasted to inactivate trypsin inhibitors, and baobab seeds were boiled for one hour to reduce tannins and phytates. Feed formulation was carried out using FeedSoft software to achieve crude protein levels of 20% in grower and 18% in finisher diets. After six weeks, no significant differences (p = 0.7) were observed in live body weight between treatments. Meat taste and carcass color parameters also showed no notable differences. The study concludes that partial replacement of soybean meal with baobab seed meal during the finisher phase is feasible without compromising broiler growth performance, meat quality, or carcass color. Further research is recommended to assess the protein quality and optimal inclusion levels of baobab seed meal. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 455-464
Copyright (c) 2025 Pauline Matambo, Tinotenda Nhovoro, Rumbidzai Blessing Nhara, Faith Matiza Ruzengwe, Tinoziva Hungwe, Prosper Bright Muvhuringi, Jameson Madzana, Tendai Mujati, Ngavaite Chigede http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Dietary Supplementation of Black Cumin Seed on Performance and Carcass Quality of Japanese Quail
The study aims to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation of different levels of black cumin seed on performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail. The study included six treatments, T0 (basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 0.5% black cumin seed), T2 (basal diet + 1.0% black cumin seed), T3 (basal diet + 1.5% black cumin seed), T4 (basal diet + 2.0% black cumin seed), and T5 (basal diet + 2.5% black cumin seed). The 450 experimental Japanese quails were then distributed to six treatments with five replications (15 birds/replication). The BW, BWG, FC, FCR, and DP of quail on different treatments was recorded. From the study, significant (p<0.05) differences were found in final FC among the dietary treatments. The final BWG also varied significantly (p<0.05) among the dietary treatments and significantly (p<0.05) higher BWG was observed in T3 and T4 groups. The improved FCR was observed with increasing of black cumin seed supplementation levels up to 2.0%. Moreover, significantly (p<0.05) higher DP was observed in T5 (2.5% black cumin seed) than other dietary treatments. Carcass characteristics revealed that significant (p<0.05) differences were observed for breast and wing weight but non- significant (p>0.05) differences were detected in back, thigh, neck, heart, liver, and gizzard weight among the dietary treatments. Moreover, significantly (p<0.05) lower abdominal fat was found in black cumin seed supplemented groups and highest result was found in T4 and T5. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of black cumin seed in quail ration significantly (p<0.05) improved the growth performance and carcass features of Japanese quail and the best result was obtained when supplemented with 1.5-2.0% black cumin seed. Therefore, it is recommended that the use of 1.5-2.0% black cumin in quail diet resulted in improved growth performance and carcass yields in Japanese quail. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 465-485
Copyright (c) 2025 Mofassara Akter, Uzzal Hossen, Al Nur Md Iftekhar Rahman1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study on Efficacy of Piperazine Citrate and Levamisole Against Natural Infected Ascariasis in Indigenous Chicken of Bangladesh
Backyard poultry farming is an essential component of rural livelihoods in Bangladesh, particularly for women, as it provides both nutrition and income. Indigenous chickens raised under traditional management systems are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal parasitic infections, with Ascaridia galli being the most prevalent and pathogenic nematode. This study investigated the prevalence of A. galli and evaluated the efficacy of two commercial anthelmintics, Piper® (piperazine citrate) and Neotrax® (levamisole), in indigenous chickens aged 2 to 12 months across several villages in Rowmari Thana, Kurigram district. The overall prevalence of ascariasis was 86%, with the highest infection rate (90%) observed in younger birds (2-4 months). Oral administration of Piper® (250 mg/kg) and Neotrax® (0.08 g/kg) resulted in significant improvements in body weight (10.42% and 30%, respectively) and complete elimination of parasite eggs by day 14, which was sustained through day 28. Hematological analyses showed increases in TEC, Hb, and PCV, along with reductions in ESR and TLC, indicating improved health status in treated birds. Postmortem examinations further confirmed the absence of intestinal lesions in treated groups, in contrast to the severe pathology observed in untreated controls. The study concludes that Piper® and Neotrax® are highly effective and safe for managing A. galli infections and offer a practical strategy for improving poultry health and productivity in rural backyard farming systems. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 487-492
Copyright (c) 2025 Tapan Kanti Paul, Md Matiur Rahman, Md Khademul Islam, Abdullah Al Sad, Md Masud Parvej, Munira Parvin Mukta, Md Mahfuzul Hauqe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Image Dataset of Clinically Significant Ruminant Parasites in Bangladesh
This article presents a curated dataset comprising high-resolution images of five parasitic egg types commonly identified in fecal samples of ruminants in Bangladesh and the Indian subcontinent: Fasciola spp., Paramphistomum spp., Balantidium coli, Ascaris spp., and stomach worms belonging to the family Trichostrongylidae. The images were collected from a range of publicly available and academic sources, including peer-reviewed scientific journals, research articles, veterinary teaching hospital laboratories, and existing open-access datasets. All images were standardized to a uniform format and resolution, and each was annotated with the corresponding parasite genus to facilitate computer-based image analysis. The dataset also includes a set of negative control images that do not contain any parasitic structures. A consistent naming convention (ParasiteName_ImageNumber) and standardized file extensions were applied to ensure systematic organization and compatibility with automated processing pipelines. This dataset is intended for reuse in the development and evaluation of computer vision and artificial intelligence models for parasite identification in fecal samples, particularly for veterinary diagnostic applications. It offers a valuable resource for advancing image-based research in parasitology and has potential utility in diagnostic workflows, especially in resource-limited settings where conventional microscopy is unavailable. The dataset is openly accessible and designed to support a wide range of research and teaching activities in veterinary science, animal health, and computational biology. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 493-499
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahmid Eshad Rupai, Kamrul Abedin Konok, Tanjim Taharat Aurpa, Sumaiya Akter Meem, Mohammad Shelim Ahmed, Md Khalid Hassan Alif, Sanjana Nargish Mim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Case Report: Surgical Sterilization of a Tom Cat Through Open Covered Method
Male cat (tomcat) neutering is a common surgical procedure performed to control overpopulation and reduce undesirable behaviors such as aggression, roaming, vocalization, and urine spraying. This case study documents the surgical sterilization of a 2.3-kg tomcat presented to the PMAC Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Although both surgical and non-surgical sterilization techniques are available, permanent surgical removal of the testicles remains the most widely practiced and reliable method. In this case, bilateral orchiectomy was performed under general anesthesia following proper aseptic preparation and shaving of the operative site. General anesthesia was achieved using a combination of xylazine hydrochloride (1.1 mg/kg), atropine sulfate (0.04 mg/kg), and ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg). Both testicles were removed, and the spermatic cords were ligated using absorbable sutures. Post-operative management included a five-day course of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. No post-surgical complications were observed, and the surgical wound healed uneventfully without the use of skin sutures. This case demonstrates that routine surgical neutering of tomcats, when performed using proper aseptic techniques and appropriate anesthetic protocols, is a safe, feasible, and effective procedure. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of surgical sterilization in population control and behavioral management while emphasizing the advantages of surgical neutering as a permanent sterilization method. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 501-506
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah Al Sad, Md Mahfuzul Haque, Nasrin Sultana Lucky http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Case Report on Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Persian Cat at Sylhet
Small animals are increasingly kept as companion animals and are often fed diverse diets with varying nutritional quality, which may predispose them to metabolic and urinary disorders. Concurrent infection of the urinary bladder and urethra is termed lower urinary tract infection (LUTI) and is characterized by clinical signs such as dysuria, hematuria, stranguria, and periuria. This case report aims to highlight the importance of proper management practices alongside medical treatment in reducing disease progression and improving quality of life. A 3.5-year-old Persian cat weighing 4.1 kg was presented to Pet and Vet Care, Sylhet, with complaints of dysuria, vomiting, constipation, and lateral recumbency. Physical examination revealed marked enlargement of the urinary bladder and kidneys, approximately four to five times normal size. Red-colored urine was evacuated by catheterization followed by cystocentesis. Urine samples were subjected to physical, chemical, microscopic, and biochemical analyses for confirmatory diagnosis. Urinalysis revealed hematuria with low specific gravity (1.012), indicating possible renal tubular damage. The presence of protein, ketone bodies, pus cells, and elevated urobilinogen (2 mg/dL) suggested renal involvement. Significantly elevated urine creatinine (86.6 mg/dL) and urine protein (486.1 mg/dL), compared with reference values, further confirmed LUTI with renal impairment. Based on clinical history, physical findings, and laboratory results, the condition was diagnosed as LUTI. This case highlights that effective management of feline LUTI requires not only appropriate therapeutic intervention but also accurate laboratory-based diagnosis and dietary management to ensure faster recovery and improved overall health. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 507-515
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Mahfuzul Haque, Abdullah Al Sad, Md Julkar Nayeen, Md Rezaul Bari, Munira Parvin Mukta, Tapan Kanti Paul, Md Masud Parvej, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Ratul Zaman, Md Matiur Rahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Postharvest Quality Attributes and Shelf Life Evaluation of Summer-Grown Tomato Cultivars
The study was conducted to evaluate 17 tomato cultivars for higher postharvest quality and shelf life under storage conditions during the summer season in Bangladesh at the Postharvest Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from May 2025 to July 2025, with the objective of identifying suitable cultivars for storage, transportation, and marketing in the summer season. Postharvest quality parameters were assessed and significant variation was observed among cultivars. In regard to postharvest behavior of tomato, Maximum TSS (9.1%) and pH (4.87) were exhibited by Raja Super and Udayan, respectively. Whereas maximum weight loss (10.91%) and firmness (2.10 kg cm-2) were exhibited by Binatomato-13 and Raja Super, respectively, at 10 days of storage. Maximum dry matter content (9.54%) exhibited by Deshi pathorkuchi and conversely, maximum moisture content (95.23%) identified in Binatomato-7. Jholmol recorded the highest disease incidence (60%) and severity (55.47%) after 10 days of storage, while Ratan, Raja Super, Rubi, Udayan, Unnayan, and Chakra showed no disease incidence or severity during the storage period. And finally, the longest shelf life (15.17 days) was observed from Chakra, followed by Udayan (15.13 days), Le16 (Deshi patharkuchi) (14.83 days) and Le7 (Raja Super) (14.33 days). Hence, the findings highlight the potential of cultivars such as Chakra, Udayan, and Raja Super for commercial cultivation and long-term storage and transportation during the summer season in Bangladesh. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 333-352.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahamina Akhter, Md Harun Ar Rashid, Md Golam Rabbani, Tamanna Haque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Feed Utilization and Growth Performance Responses to Incremental Dietary Levels of Tomato Pomace Powder in Finishing Sheep
Agro-processing by-products such as tomato pomace (TP) contain high levels of protein, fat and bioactive compounds such as phenolics, lycopene, and beta-carotene. Accordingly, the inclusion of TP in lamb diets has the potential to improve the feed utilization, and growth performance in finishing lambs. This study was, therefore, designed to investigate the maximum tolerance level of TP in finishing lambs using nutrient utilization and growth performance as indicators. A feeding trial was conducted using 35, five months old ram lambs (22.8 ± 5.6 kg) to evaluate changes in feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in response to incremental levels of TP. The lambs were randomly assigned to five diets which were formulated including milled tomato pomace in the conventional lamb finisher diet at 0 (TP0), 15 (TP15), 30 (TP30), 45 (TP45), and 60% (TP60) on a dry matter basis. Overall, TP45 had the highest (679.36 kg) total feed intake while TP60 had the least (510.22 kg) total feed intake. Tomato pomace inclusion had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on weight gain in weeks 1 – 4 but not (P > 0.05) in weeks 5 – 9. Lambs fed TP containing diets had the highest overall weight gain (OWG) and a lower overall FCR when compared to the control diet (TP0). Based on the improved weight gain, feed intake and FCR, it was concluded that TP inclusion in lamb diets enhances feed utilization and growth performance of lambs and the optimum TP inclusion is 33%. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 353-365
Copyright (c) 2025 Thabo Frans Buthane, Lebogang Ezra Motsei, Manakedi Getrude Chelopo, Kgaogelo Phineas Meso, Victor Mlambo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Varietal and Organic Mulching Effects on Growth, Yield, and Quality Performance of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a highly nutritious root vegetable with great potential for enhancing dietary diversity, wider adaptation, and intensification in Bangladesh. An experiment was conducted at Horticulture Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from October 2023 to March 2024 to assess the effects of varieties and organic mulching on the growth, yield, and quality of beetroot. It comprised two varieties: Heart Beet (V1) and Red Baby (V2), and four mulches: T0 (control), T1 (rice straw), T2 (water hyacinth), and T3 (leaf mulch). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used to measure plant height, leaf count, root length, root diameter, fresh weight, yield, and total soluble solids (TSS). Significant varietal and mulching effects were observed for all parameters studied. Red Baby (V2) performed better than Heart Beet (V1) in terms of root diameter (3.81 cm versus 3.46 cm), fresh weight (42.01 g versus 34.52 g), and yield (4.14 t/ha against 3.48 t/ha). In contrast, Heart Beet (V1) exhibited a total soluble solids (TSS) level of 16.63 °brix, indicating a greater processing potential. Among the mulches, leaf mulch (T3) produced the best results, with the longest roots (4.15 cm), largest diameter (3.93 cm), highest fresh weight (47.34 g), and greatest yield (4.70 t/ha). The interaction of Red Baby with leaf mulch (V2T3) produced the highest root yield (4.89 t/ha), highlighting a strong synergistic benefit. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 367-377
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulla Al Munna, Md Harun Ar Rashid, Md Kamrul Hassan, Ratna Saha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Strategies in Combating Livestock Theft in Communal Areas: A Case of Mopani District, Limpopo Province
Livestock theft poses a serious threat to rural livelihoods in South Africa, particularly within communal farming systems. This study evaluates the effectiveness of agricultural extension strategies in addressing livestock theft among communal livestock farmers in the Mopani District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative research approach was employed, using semi-structured interviews with 300 communal livestock farmers. Thematic analysis was applied to systematically categorize and interpret farmers’ unstructured responses. The findings reveal substantial weaknesses in existing extension practices, including limited farmer engagement, inadequate training of extension officers in livestock security, ineffective communication arising from language barriers, and the low visibility of extension personnel in farming communities. The study identifies several promising strategies, such as context-specific awareness campaigns, the formation of farmer groups to promote collective action, improved accessibility of extension services, and increased government investment in basic security infrastructure. These recommendations provide practical guidance for strengthening policy and extension practice to enhance the effectiveness, inclusivity, and responsiveness of interventions aimed at livestock protection. The study concludes that farmer-centered, inclusive, and adaptive extension strategies are urgently needed to address livestock theft in communal farming contexts. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 379-397
Copyright (c) 2025 Kutu Lesetja Wesley, Zwane Elliot Mahlengule, Letsoalo Sebatana Simon, Nkoana Mmaphuthi Andrias http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morpho-Molecular Screening of Rice Landraces (Oryza sativa L.) for Combined Salinity and Submergence Tolerance
This study aimed to identify rice landraces exhibiting dual tolerance to salinity and submergence using a hydroponic screening system. Thirty-day-old seedlings of 19 rice landraces and six check varieties were exposed to salinity stress (8 and 12 dS/m, imposed using crude sea salt) and complete submergence under both freshwater and saline (8 dS/m) conditions. Morphological screening, based on a composite stress tolerance score integrating germination performance, growth response, and biomass reduction, identified Kakua as the most tolerant genotype. Several landraces, including Sona joly, Nazira shail, Sylhet balam, and Bhagnoli, exhibited moderate tolerance. Genetic diversity analysis using SSR markers (RM585 and SC3) revealed distinct clusters. Landraces such as Goccha, Machranga, and Biran grouped with the tolerant check variety Binadhan 10, while Sylhet balam, Dud shail, and Kakua showed a close genetic association with Binadhan 11. By integrating morphological and molecular data, the study identifies Kakua, Sylhet balam, Dud shail, Nonia, Roa, Sona joly, Goccha, and Machranga as promising genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at improving dual tolerance to salinity and submergence in rice. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 399-413
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahmina Akter, M Afzal Hossain, Shamsun Nahar Begum, Md Al Ekram http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agriculture Extension Service for Smallholder Livestock Farmers in Communal Land of Mopani District in Limpopo Province
Limited access to agriculture-led livestock extension officers remains a major constraint for smallholder livestock farmers in Mopani District, South Africa. Consequently, agricultural extension services often fail to priorities direct and context-specific approaches that could meaningfully improve the livelihoods of livestock farmers operating on communal land. This article critically examines and repositions the effectiveness of agricultural extension services for smallholder livestock farmers within communal farming systems. A comprehensive literature review methodology was adopted, drawing on 28 peer-reviewed journal articles, 15 government reports, and six university thesis repositories. Published literature from 2009 to 2025 was retrieved using multiple scientific search engines. The review reveals that the effectiveness of livestock extension in communal systems depends less on government delivery capacity and more on policymakers’ understanding of communal livestock production systems and their commitment to addressing farmers’ needs. The findings highlight the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge, climate-smart livestock practices, and participatory knowledge-sharing mechanisms to strengthen linkages between research, policy, and practice. The study recommends repositioning extension services through enhanced stakeholder engagement, continuous professional development of extension agents, stronger collaboration with non-governmental organizations and private sector actors, and the strategic use of digital tools to improve information dissemination. In conclusion, the sustainable transformation of communal livestock agriculture in South Africa depends on extension services that empower smallholder farmers as co-creators of knowledge and responsible custodians of communal resources. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 415-426
Copyright (c) 2025 Kutu Lesetja Wesley, Zwane Elliot Mahlengule, Letsoalo Sebatana Simon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Present Status of Chemicals and Aqua Drugs Used in The Freshwater Fish Health Management of Kurigram District in Bangladesh
A survey was conducted to assess the current status of aqua-drugs and chemicals used in freshwater aquaculture practices in Kurigram district, Bangladesh. Data were collected through random sampling using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools, including structured questionnaires, personal interviews, market surveys, and focus group discussions (FGDs), involving fish hatchery owners, nursery and grow-out farmers, aqua-medicine retailers, and representatives of pharmaceutical companies. The results revealed that farmers had varying levels of experience and training, with limited access to formal training opportunities. Major water quality problems reported included dissolved oxygen (DO) deficiency (94%), gaseous problems (54%), poor phytoplankton availability (33%), turbidity (32%), algal blooms (19%), and pH imbalance (11%). Common fish diseases observed were fin rot (48%), tail rot (47%), epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) (31%), argulosis (25%), exophthalmia (24%), dropsy (23%), and gill rot (17%). To mitigate these problems, farmers commonly applied various aqua-drugs and chemicals, such as zeolite (43%), Matrix (18%), Zeorich (13%), and Green Cal Aqua (7%) for pond preparation and fish health management, while potash (41%), Timsen (22%), lime (14%), and Virex (12%) were frequently used for disease treatment. The study also identified significant challenges related to the inappropriate and indiscriminate use of these chemicals, primarily due to farmers’ limited knowledge regarding proper dosages, application methods, and potential impacts. The findings highlight the need for improved training and awareness programs and are expected to support fish farmers in adopting appropriate chemical use for healthier and more sustainable aquaculture practices. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 517-527
Copyright (c) 2025 Most Rakiba Akter, Mst Nahid Akter, Mst Masuma Khatun, Nipa Gupta, Most Mobia Kawsar, Moumita Habiba Sarmin Dorin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fish Farming Practices in Rice Environments of Bagerhat District in Bangladesh
This study was conducted to examine fish farming practices within rice-based ecosystems, assess the current status and economic performance of rice-cum-fish culture, and identify key constraints faced by farmers practicing fish culture in rice environments. Primary data on rice–cum–fish farming were collected from fourteen villages across three upazilas of Bagerhat district, Bangladesh, through interviews with 60 randomly selected farmers. Data was analyzed using tabular methods and Microsoft Excel functions. The findings revealed that the per-hectare cost of material inputs for rice–cum–fish culture was Tk 115,590, while the per-hectare cost of human labor was Tk 16,240, resulting in a total production cost of Tk 131,830 per hectare. Average rice yields were 8,648 kg/ha for Boro and 9,882 kg/ha for Aman rice, indicating higher productivity of Aman rice in the study area. In addition, average fish and shrimp production under rice–cum–fish systems were 494.18 ± 40.97 kg/ha and 439.79 ± 30.26 kg/ha, respectively. Major constraints identified by farmers included limited scientific knowledge, unavailability of quality fingerlings, inadequate investment capital, and disease incidence in fish and shrimp. Although training programs provided by government and non-government organizations have contributed to addressing some of these challenges, further efforts are required. The study recommends wider dissemination of improved rice-cum-fish culture techniques and removal of existing constraints to enhance rice and fish productivity as well as farm income. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 529-546
Copyright (c) 2025 Sukanta Devnath, Keya Munni, Muhammad Abdur Razzak, S M Tanvirul Islam Shourav http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnomedicinal Applications of Fish Species Among Local Communities of Medir Haor, Bangladesh
Fish play a vital role in food security and cultural identity in Bangladesh; however, their use in traditional medicine remains inadequately documented. This study aimed to document the ethnomedicinal uses of fish species in Medir Haor, a wetland ecosystem in northeastern Bangladesh, and to assess the status of intergenerational knowledge transmission. Conducted between January and June 2025, the study employed community consultations, informal discussions (adda), and semi-structured interviews with traditional knowledge holders and local students. A total of 11 distinct therapeutic applications involving 10 fish species were documented. These ranged from the use of the Indian mottled eel (Anguilla bengalensis) for the treatment of hemorrhoids to the use of the striped snakehead (Channa striata) for anxiety, the latter uniquely associated with local beliefs related to supernatural entities. Additionally, four fish species were identified as being deliberately avoided due to perceived preventive health concerns. Notably, a pronounced intergenerational knowledge gap was observed, with younger respondents largely unaware of these ethnomedicinal practices. The findings indicate that this localized traditional knowledge, although still practiced by a limited group, is critically endangered. Immediate documentation is therefore essential to preserve this intangible cultural heritage, which holds considerable potential for future ethnopharmacological research and biocultural conservation. Overall, the study underscores the urgency of safeguarding ethnomedicinal knowledge against erosion driven by modernization and environmental change. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 547-554
Copyright (c) 2025 Tapas Ranjan Chakraborty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Moringa oleifera: A Comprehensive Review of Its Nutritional Value and Medicinal Potential
Moringa oleifera is a versatile, nutritionally rich plant that has attracted global attention for its exceptional nutritional value and wide range of medicinal applications. Commonly known as the drumstick tree, horseradish tree, or miracle tree, M. oleifera is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The plant is highly adaptable, capable of withstanding severe drought and mild frost, which has contributed to its extensive cultivation. Moringa oleifera is a small to medium-sized tree, typically growing 5–10 m in height, and almost every part of the plant is utilized for nutritional or medicinal purposes. This seminar paper is a narrative review based exclusively on secondary data obtained from published scientific literature and other reliable sources. Beyond being a rich source of proteins, vitamins, essential oils, fatty acids, macro- and micro-minerals, and phenolic compounds, M. oleifera has been reported to exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, cardioprotective, anti-ulcer, diuretic, and antiurolithiatic effects. These diverse therapeutic properties underpin its extensive use in traditional medicinal systems for the management of various diseases. The accumulated evidence highlights M. oleifera as a promising medicinal plant with significant potential for incorporation into modern healthcare systems. Further scientific investigation, including clinical and pharmacological validation, is warranted to fully elucidate its therapeutic efficacy and safety. This review underscores the need for a systematic and evidence-based appraisal of M. oleifera to establish its pharmaceutical potential in contemporary medicine. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 555-565
Copyright (c) 2025 Suprava Subarna, Joy Sarker Emon, Md Tasmir Rayan Labib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of Morphometric and Meristic Characters of Botia dario and Botia lohachata in Bangladesh
The present study aimed to analyze and compare the morphometric and meristic characteristics of Botia dario and Botia lohachata through a systematic approach involving morphometric measurements, meristic counts, and external morphological observations. A total of twenty-two morphometric parameters and five meristic characters were measured and statistically analyzed. The results revealed significant differences between the two species across several measured traits. These findings contribute to accurate species identification and provide clear diagnostic features for distinguishing B. dario from B. lohachata. Consequently, this study offers valuable insights for systematic classification and supports effective stock conservation and management strategies for these economically and ecologically important fish species in Bangladesh. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 567-573
Copyright (c) 2025 Mst Kaniz Fatema, Onamika Mustafi Katha, Zoarder Faruque Ahmed, Ferdous Ahamed, Khandaker Sadia Tabassum, Tasnim Mahfuz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional Value and Economic Importance of Small Indigenous Fish Species in Bangladesh: A Narrative Review
Small indigenous fish species (SIS) are vital to Bangladesh’s food and nutritional security, as fish supply nearly 60% of the country's daily animal protein intake. Although aquaculture now contributes more than half of national fish production, SIS remain crucial for low-income and nutritionally vulnerable populations. Over 150 species inhabit ponds, beels, haors, baors, rice fields, and floodplains. Consumed whole head, bones, and viscera, SIS provides dense nutrition, rich in protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, calcium, vitamin A, iron, and zinc, which help combat widespread micronutrient deficiencies and malnutrition. Their regular consumption enhances dietary diversity, maternal and child health, and overall community nutrition. Economically, SIS supports millions of rural households through fishing, trading, and post-harvest processing, often involving women, thereby strengthening rural livelihoods. However, SIS resources are under threat from habitat degradation, pollution, overfishing, climate change, and the expansion of intensive aquaculture, all of which have reduced wild populations. Seasonal water fluctuations, poor policy attention, and lack of integration into mainstream aquaculture further limit their potential. To ensure sustainability, efforts are needed to conserve habitats, promote responsible harvesting, and develop breeding and culture technologies suited to smallholder contexts. This narrative review synthesizes existing knowledge on the nutritional and economic importance of SIS in Bangladesh, emphasizing its role as an affordable solution to malnutrition and poverty reduction. It also underscores the urgent need for ecological restoration, institutional reform, and technological innovation to secure these valuable species for future generations. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2025: 575-588
Copyright (c) 2025 Shuvra Sarker, Sudip Bhattacharya, Md Tarikul Islam, Md Ayub Ali, Md Mozammel Haque, M G Sorower, Md Shamsul Alam Patwary, Md Naim Mahmud http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0