A STUDY ON FISH FEED MANUFACTURE WITH ITS NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND IMPACTS ON FISH PRODUCTION

This study was conducted to assess the procedure of fish feed production, analysis of nutritive value of feeds and its effect on growth of fish in selected fish farms. Five fish feed mills and fifteen fish farmers were randomly selected from Mymensingh district. Fish feeds were used by fifteen farmers among every three farmers used the feed of each mill. These feed Mills collect their Saudi Bangla and ACME fish feed are more preferable to the farmer due to higher protein and lipid content resulting more fish production. In this experiment, Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill (3843 Kg/ha/yr), Sunny fish feed mill (3761 Kg/ha/yr), Shushama fish feed mill (3581 Kg/ha/yr), Al-momen fish feed mill (3669 Kg/ha/yr), ACME fish feed mill (3796 Kg/ha/yr) was produce fish. Capital cost, operating cost, depreciation cost, total cost, revenue income and net profit were calculated and evaluated during the experimental period. In this study, those feed mills production capacity was 45000 ton/yr Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill, 45000 ton/yr Sunny fish feed mill, 35000 ton/yr Shushomo fish feed mill, 35000 ton/yr Al-momen fish feed mill,15000 ton/yr ACME fish feed mill. The fish production mainly carps and pangus were highly occurs chronologically Saudi-Bangla, ACME fish feed, Sunny fish feed, Al-momen fish feed, Shushama fish feed mill, respectively. Among those the nutritive value of Saudi-Bangla fish feed was the best than other fish feed. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 353-362, August 2015


INTRODUCTION
The primary conditions for intensification of any culture depend on the natural and artificial feed.With the progress of technology and increasing demand different types of improved culture technique are now being practiced in our country.As a result huge quantity of supplementary feed has to provide to the cultured species.The demand has increased 1.5 times greater than the previous five years.So the prospect of aqua feed industry is very bright in our country.It is evident that for the proper nourishment of fish a balanced diet containing energy sources-with all essential fatty acids, protein-with all essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals are very vital.With the increasing demand of feed, many companies have established feed industry in different parts of the country.The popular feed companies in the market are Saudi Bangla Feed (Mymensingh), Quality Fish Feed (Gazipur), Aftab Feed (Dhaka), CP fish feed (Thailand), Paragon fish feed, Fresh Fish Feed (Dhaka), Niribili Feed (Cox's Bazar), Usha Feed (Jessore), Premium Feed (Jessore), Excel Feed (Dhaka), Titas Feed (Khulna),North Khulna Feed (Khulna), etc. Saudi Bangla Fish Feed, Sunny Fish Feed, ACME Fish Feed, Al-amin Fish feed Industries have become very popular in producing aqua feed in Mymensingh region.
A huge number of people of Mymensingh region are involved in aqua feed industries.However fish are fastidious eater in that, they require higher levels of dietary protein.Feed stuffs of vegetable origin are lower protein content compared with animal origin.An International Network of Feed Information Centre has been established a nutrients profile of feed stuffs which is maintain in many countries around the world.In Bangladesh, a large variety of indigenous raw materials and agricultural wastes which are rich in nutrients ultimately go waste without being properly utilized for useful purpose.Some of these are: fish meal, frog waste meal, oil cake, rice and wheat bran, leaves and vegetables, other animal and agricultural wastes.However, detail information about their availability, economy and biochemical composition are yet to be fully known.Knowing this information a systematic approach towards a sound and effective formulation and manufacture of fish feed from local ingredients can be made.The study might help, how to formulate and manufacture of the fish feed, quality of the feed, effects on fish growth, and some recommendation would be made which would help to improve the fish production and also awareness the farmer to know about good quality fish feed use in their aqua farms.The research has been undertaken to know about raw materials and production process of fish feed in selected feed mills, to evaluate the effect of feed on fish growth in various aqua farms and to analyze the cost benefit ratio in different aqua farms.

Fish feed ingredients
The selected sites for data collection were located at major fish feed mills of Mymensingh region.The raw materials are commonly use in the feed mills were fish meal, dry trash fish, soybean meal, rapeseed, rice polish, mould inhibitor, vitamin premix, calcium and phosphorus, salt, meats bone meal, Di-calcium phosphate, non-antibiotic growth promoter, de-oiled DORB, choline chloride, vitamin, binder etc.This of ingredients used in selected five different feed mills.

Feed production
Different fish feed mill produce different types of feed.Feed production at five different feed mills is shown below in Table 1.

Collection and preparation of feed samples
The most popular commercial fish feeds are Saudi-Bangla fish feed, Sunny fish feed, Shushama fish feed, Almomen fish feed mill and ACME fish feed.Starterand grower feeds used in this study were collected directly from interviewed fish farmers.The samples were taken from the refrigerator and kept in room temperature for few hours.Then the required amount of samples were finely ground by a mortar and kept in airtight container for subsequent chemical analysis.The analysis of feed was carried out in the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of the department of aquaculture in the Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh.The laboratory had available facilities for the determination of proximate composition viz.moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate.The proximate composition of different commercial fish feeds were analyzed in duplicate according to standard procedure given in Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2000).

Processing and analysis of data
After the data collection, the collected data were summarized, tabulated and analyzed according to the objectives of the study.A tabular method of analysis was followed in analyzing the collected information.

Location and selection of target fish farmers
The selected sites were located at fish farmer of Mymensingh region in Bangladesh.Various categories of fish farmers were selected on the basis use of different mills feed.Fifteen fish farmers randomly selected of which three users from each feed mill.

Total operating cost
The total operating cost was calculated by using the following formula: Total operating cost = Human labor cost + Fingerling cost + Feed cost + Fertilizer cost + Fish poison + Lime + Miscellaneous.

Depreciation
The depreciation cost was calculated using the following formula:

Total capital cost
The total capital cost was calculated by using the following formula: Total capital cost = Land used cost + Bank interest

Total cost
The total cost was calculated by using the following formula: Total cost = Total capital cost + Total Operating cost

Revenue income
The revenue income was calculated using the following formula: Revenue income (BDT) = Production (kg)  Unit price (BDT)

Net Profit
The net profit was calculated using the following formula: Net profit = Total revenue income -Total cost

Cost Benefit Ratio
The cost benefit ratio was calculated by using the following formula:

Fish feed production
Cost and collection of ingredients are shown in Table 2.

Nutritional composition of different fish feed:
Nutrition is the most important factors of fish feed.Appropriate nutritional composition help to fish perfectly growth.Nutritional compositions vary species to species, size to size and age to age of fish.

Estimation of returns
Most of the fish farmers were trained by different organization and they are accustomed to keeping record of their fish farming expenditure and economic returns.Pond books maintained by the fish farmers helped the researcher to get reliable information about the existing fish production (kg/ha/yr) in the locality.Species and fish feed mill wise average fish productions in the surveyed areas are given below.

Gross return
Gross return is the value of fish produced in money terms.This is calculated by multiplying the total amount of production by their respective market prices.Gross return from fish production were 339880, 331190, 317245, 324230 and 335680 Tk/ha respectively.

Net return
Per hectare net returns from fish production was calculated by deducting gross costs from gross returns.It can be noted that per hectare net return were Tk 190011, 181321, 167376, 174361, and 185811, respectively.

Cost Benefit Ratio (BCR)
Cost benefit ratio of fish farm were 2.26, 2.20, 2.11, 2.16, 2.23 for five groups of fish farmers who used feeds of five different feed mills.Among them Saudi-Bangla feed user farmers and ACME feed users farmers got highest profit than others.The finding justifies that benefit ratio was higher than one, suggesting that there is a bright potential for fish development used by above five mills feed.
Sustainability of fish feed mills and fish farming enterprise mainly depends on its economic viability and profitability.A simple cost and return analysis were done on the basis of both cost and full cost to determine the profitability fish feed and pond fish production was highly profitable business (Zaher and Mazid 1993).Use of higher level of inputs usually results in higher outputs, consequently higher investments produces higher gross and net return on per unit water body of ponds (Rahman, 1995;Biswas, 1990).Higher net return from the pond fish production is influenced by the price of outputs and economic use of both material inputs and labor (Rahman, 1995).On the other hand, Shohel (1998) reported that the fish production is largely influenced by a combination of fish seed, fish feed and the number of fingerling stocking.The average Installed capacity of different fish feed mills 35,000 (ton/yr), Processing capacity 24,962 (ton/yr), Percent of capacity utilization 70.40%.To increase more production need to increase the different capacities.FAO (2005) designed a survey on the formulated animal and aqua feeds industry in sub-Saharan Africa.This document contains five country reviews (South Africa, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya and Zambia) and one regional synthesis paper on the animal and aqua feed industry in sub-Saharan Africa.The mean moisture value starter and grower feed were of Saudi Bangla fish feed Sunny fish feed mill, Shushuma fish feed mill , Al-momen fish feed mill and ACME fish feed mill are 10.06%, 12.66%, 12.29%, 12.36%, 12.17% and 11.03%, 12.31%, 8.49%, 14.30%, 11.26% respectively.Maximum moisture content starter feed in Sunny fish feed was 12.66%, minimum moisture content starter feed in Saudi-Bangla fish feed was 10.06%.Maximum moisture content grower Al-momen fish feed was 14.30%, minimum moisture content starter feed in Saudi-Bangla fish feed was 8.49%.Dry feeds contain 8-10% moisture while the water content of moist feed ranges from 17 to 40% or more (Lall, 1991).Roy (2002) reported that a diet containing 9.8% moisture appears to be more suitable for GIFT tilapia, which was more or less similar with the present findings.
The mean crude protein value of ACI fish feed, Fresh fish feed , Mega fish feed, Aftab fish feed, CP fish feed, Saudi Bangla fish feed and Quality fish feed are 23.15%,23.92%, 24.24%, 25.85%, 23.74%, 26.65% and 31.67%,respectively.Minimum crude protein content was found in ACI fish feed (23.15%) and maximum crude protein was in Quality fish feed 31.67%.In ACI fish feed crude protein was high because lipid was low.The protein requirement of fish is influenced by various factors such as fish size, water temperature, feeding rate, availability and quality of natural foods, overall digestible energy content of diet.Roy (2002) reported that a diet containing 27.87% protein appears to be more suitable for GIFT tilapia.The mean crude lipid values of starter and grower feed were of Saudi Bangla fish feed, Sunny fish feed mill, Shushuma fish feed mill, Almomen fish feed mill and ACME fish feed mill are 7.60%, 5.02%, 9.69%, 7.21%, 8.61%, and 4.32%, 8.36%, 10.49%, 7.38%, 9.75% respectively.Maximum crude lipid of starter feed found in Shushama fish feed 9.69% and minimum crude lipid of starter feed found in Sunny fish feed 5.02%.There is an inverse relationship between protein and lipid content.Maximum crude lipid of grower feed found in Shushama fish feed 10.49% and minimum crude lipid of grower feed found in Saudi-Bangla fish feed 4.32%.There is an inverse relationship between protein and lipid content.Lipid content might be low due to improper storage facilities.Roy (2002) reported that a diet containing 9.48% lipid appears to be more suitable for GIFT tilapia, which was more or less similar with the present findings.The mean ash values of starter and grower feed were of Saudi Bangla fish feed, Sunny fish feed mill, Shushuma fish feed mill , Al-momen fish feed mill and ACME fish feed mill are 16.76%, 19.90%, 14.75%, 13.48%, 21.17%, and 14.40%, 15.47%, 21.13%, 16.11%, 20.88% respectively.Maximum ash of starter feed found in ACME fish feed 21.17% and minimum ash of starter feed found in Al-momen fish feed 13.48%.Maximum crude lipid of grower feed found in Shushama fish feed 21.13% and minimum ash of grower feed found in Saudi-Bangla fish feed 14.40%.Bhuiyan (2002) found that the diet containing 11.02% ash appears to be more suitable for carp polyculture.Roy (2002) reported that a diet containing 12.92% ash appears to be more suitable for GIFT tilapia, which was more or less similar with the present findings.The mean crude fibre values of starter and grower feed were of Saudi Bangla fish feed, Sunny fish feed mill, Shushuma fish feed mill , Al-momen fish feed mill and ACME fish feed mill are 5.80%, 6.45%, 5.45%, 4.26%, 6.05%, and 6.05%, 7.56%, 6.85%, 5.85%, 6.40% respectively.Maximum crude fibre of starter feed found in Sunny fish feed 6.45% and minimum crude fibre of starter feed found in Al-momen fish feed 4.26%.Maximum crude fibre of grower feed found in Sunny fish feed 7.56% and minimum crude fibre of grower feed found in Al-momen fish feed 5.85%.Roy (2002) reported that a diet containing 10.75% crude fiber appears to be more suitable for GIFT tilapia.A certain amount of fiber in feed permits better binding and moderates the passage of feed through alimentary canal.However, it is not desirable to have a fiber content exceeding 8-12% in diets for fish, as the increase in fiber content would consequently result in the decrease of the quality of an unusable nutrient in the diet (De Silva and Anderson, 1995), which was lower than the present findings.The mean carbohydrate values of starter and grower feed were of Saudi Bangla fish feed, Sunny fish feed mill, Shushuma fish feed mill , Al-momen fish feed mill and ACME fish feed mill are 31.89%,31.70%,30.30%, 37.07%, 25.91%, and 38.54%, 34.30%, 28.67%, 33.18%, 27.01%, respectively.Maximum carbohydrate of starter feed found in Shushama fish feed 37.07% and minimum carbohydrate of starter feed found in ACME fish feed 25.91%.Maximum carbohydrate of grower feed found in Saudi-Bangla fish feed 38.54% and minimum carbohydrate of grower feed found in ACME fish feed 27.01%.Ali (2008) found that the diet containing 13% CHO appears to be more suitable for Nile tilapia.Bhuiyan (2002) found that the diet containing 34.53% CHO appears to be more suitable for carp polyculture.Roy reported that a diet containing 29.18% CHO appears to be more suitable for GIFT tilapia, which was more or less similar with the present findings.Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR) is an important indicator about the profitability of fish culture operation.The benefit cost ratio was found to be 1.84 in the present study.A much similar level of CBR was noted RMC (1995) for credit, contact and demonstration farmers of Mymensingh Aquaculture Extension Project (MAEP).Shohel (1990) estimated the value of CBR to be 2.02 which revealed that for investment of 1.00 taka, the economic return is 2.02 taka.In this study, the CBR valve of Saudi-Bangla Fish Feed mill, Sunny Fish Feed mill, Shoshomo Fish Feed mill, Al-momen Feed mill and ACME Fish Feed mill was 2.26, 2.20, 2.11, 2.16 and 2.23 respectively.This is more or less similar with Shohel (1990).Studies conducted by other researchers (Islam, 1987;Islam and Dewan, 1987;Rahman, 1995;Amin, 1998;Shohel, 1998;Rahman, 1998) indicated that fish production under mono and polyculture systems were highly profitable.For polyculture (per hectare per year) gross cost, gross income and net return stood at Tk. 149869, 275185 and 125316 respectively.These levels of lucrative economic return were possible due to use of scientific method and efficient management of material inputs of different fish feed mill.Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill (gross cost, gross income and net return stood at Tk. 31497, 339880 and 190011 ), Sunny fish feed mill (gross cost, gross income and net return stood at Tk. 29960, 331190 and 181321 ), Shushomo fish feed mill (gross cost, gross income and net return stood at Tk. 30125, 317245and 167376 ), Al-momen fish feed mill (gross cost, gross income and net return stood at Tk. 28996, 324230 and 174361), ACME fish feed mill (gross cost, gross income and net return stood at Tk. 335680,29291 and 185811).Biswas (1990) reported to have achieved fish yield as high as 4534 kg/ha/yr from carp polyculture with gross and net return of Tk. 47680 and Tk.37910 per hectare, respectively.A similar level of yield was also reported by Khaleque et al. (1998) from Kishoregonj and Mymensingh districts.Average fish production cost, gross return and net return determined by Khaleque et al. (1998) were the Tk.86916 Tk. 166350 and Tk.79437 ha/yr respectively.Educational status of the fish feed mill owner and fish farmer plays a vital role for the proper management and utilization of the new technology.Fish feed production is a sensitive and profitable business for this reason the every people of this sector to know proper knowledge of feed production, distribution and uses.

Table 2 .
Average raw material costs of fish feed production

Table 3 .
Capacities of different types of fish feed mills

Table 4 .
Nutritional composition of different fish feed.

Table 6 .
Fish production (kg/ha) used by Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill

Table 7 .
Fish production (kg/ha) used by Sunny fish feed mill

Table 8 .
Fish production (kg/ha) used by Shushama fish feed mill

Table 9 .
Fish production (kg/ha) used by Al-momen fish feed mill

Table 10 .
Fish production (kg/ha) used by ACME fish feed mill It appears from five fish feed mills in Table-8 to Table-12 that the average production of fish used by five feed mills feed represent 3843, 3761, 3581, 3669 and 3796 kg/ha/yr respectively.