Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources

Trend of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration and its Correlation with Climatic Parameters in Khulna and Rajshahi Districts of Bangladesh

TK Acharjee — 2022-07-06

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_O) is an important hydro-meteorological phenomenon, which is influenced by changing climate. This study estimated the trends ETO and identified the correlation of changes in ET_O with climatic parameters in Khulna and Rajshahi districts of Bangladesh. Daily observed climatic parameters of thirty years (1984– 2013) were used in CropWat model to estimate changes in monthly and seasonal ET_O. Trend analysis of ETO and climatic parameters were done by Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimation. Correlation between ETO and climatic parameters were analyzed. The results showed a decreasing trend of ET_O over most of the period of the year in Khulna and Rajshahi districts. On monthly basis estimation, decreasing trends of relative humidity, wind speed and sun shine hours in Khulna district, and decreasing trends of wind speed and sun shine hours in Rajshahi district played the dominant roles for the decreasing rate of ET_O under recent climate change. On seasonal basis estimation, decreasing trends of relative humidity, wind speed and sun shine hours in Khulna district, and decreasing trends of wind speed and sun shine hours in Rajshahi district played the dominant roles for the decreasing rate of ET_O under changing climatic condition. Changes in ET_O were most strongly correlated with sun shine hours and most weakly with minimum temperature for both Khulna and Rajshahi. Wind speed was most strongly correlated with ET_O for Dry/Rabi season. The findings of this study would be useful for agricultural water management of Bangladesh.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 1-12, 2020

Environmental Impact Assessment: Implications of Bridge Construction Venture in Bangladesh

MS Islam — 2022-07-06

This study was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of the proposed Kashil Bridge over the river Jhinai at Basail upazila of Tangail district in Bangladesh during January to September 2019. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a mandatory process to assess the environmental consequences of an existing or proposed project and to delineate any environmental management measures that must be integrated into the plan to ensure that the project is technically, economically, socially and environmentally acceptable. The EIA preparation led to the identification of potential environmental and social impacts due to proposed bridge pre-construction, construction and operation activities on the Jhinai River and feasible remedial measures as included in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). A field mobilization was conducted in project area to find out the environmental baseline (surface water, groundwater, soil, sediments, air, noise and ecology) information and identification of possible impacts. The focused group discussions (FGDs), questionnaire survey (QS) and key informants interview (KII) were conducted to collect relevant information. Secondary data were collected from Local Government Engineering Department, Upazila Agriculture Office, Upazila Fisheries Office, Department of Environment (DoE) and published relevant articles. Analyzing overall impacts, EIA study found that these possible negative impacts are considerable if some mitigation measures are applied. This new bridge will not only increase the communication facilities but also increase the economic flow together with other facilities. Finally, the EIA study suggested some defined EMP which will help to minimize the probable adverse impacts of the bridge construction site over the Jhinai River.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 13-18, 2020

Assessment of Noise Exposure Indices at Kanchijhuli and Townhall Moor in Mymensingh City

S Afrin — 2022-07-06

Mymensingh, one of Bangladesh's most densely populated and urbanized cities, could not avoid a noise-related problem that has now turned out into a severe environmental issue. It is indispensable to assess the current noise propagation scenario and its repercussions for urban planners to manage the noise problem. This research endeavours to construct noise pollution indices viz. noise levels (L₁₀, L₅₀, L₉₀), noise climate (NC), equivalent continuous noise level (L_eq), noise pollution level (L_np), and noise exposure index (NEI) were computed for two important particular locations, namely Kanchijhuli and Townhall moor. It was also observed that most of the time, the noise level exceeded 80 dB, which is beyond the recommended level of silent zone, commercial zone and traffic zone according to the DoE (1997). The indices indicated that the noise level of the study area surpassed the normal noise level in all indices. NC, L_eq and L_np were estimated to have a maximum value of 17.32 dB, 94.29 dB and 110.30 dB, respectively, while the minimum value of the study area were 10.71 dB, 82.07 dB and 95.5 dB, respectively. Therefore, it can be stated from the assessment that both Kanchijhuli and Townhall moor are under alarming noise pollution conditions. This research may aid in taking necessary measures to cut off the noise propagation and subsequent noise pollution control for the urban planners and related authorities.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 19-24, 2020

Monitoring Long-Term Wheat Cultivation and Climatic Drivers for Land Use Change: A Case Study Using Remote Sensing at Thakurgaon Sadar in Bangladesh

MSH Siddiquee — 2022-07-06

The present study uses Remote Sensing techniques to monitor long-term wheat cultivation in Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila. Multi-spectral Landsat images from 1999 to 2019 at five years intervals were collected at the maximum growth stage of wheat. The images were processed by QGIS, ArcGIS, and R software with the random forest supervised classification. The findings revealed that images were classified and separated the crops successfully due to cloud-free images and pure pixels. The results show that the wheat area was decreased from 1999 (16349 ha) to 2019 (9161 ha). It was due to the transformation of the wheat area into other crop areas. The shrinkage rate of wheat areas was much higher (10.93 %) in 1999-09 than in 2009-19. It was due to a sudden decline in blast disease during 2005-09 and increased again. The shrinkage of the wheat area has been driven mainly by climate change influencing profitability. Prolonged hydrological drought introduced maize and potato in the wheat area. The benefit-cost ratio decreased gradually in wheat but increased in maize and potato. The study demonstrates that remote sensing is an effective method for wheat crop area monitoring. This study will help us understand the status of long-term wheat cultivation.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 25-37, 2020

Screening of Some Botanicals for Eco-friendly Control of Cucurbit Fruit Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) Infestation in Experimental Cucumber Field

MS Sultana — 2022-07-06

Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) is the major pest of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which severely damage the cucumber production. This study was carried to evaluate the efficacy of fourteen botanicals such as Chili (Capsicum frutescens), Garlic (Allium sativum), Onion (Allium cepa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Carrot leaves(Daucuscarota subsp. Sativus), Bitter gourd (Momordic acharantia), young Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Mahogany seed (Swietenia macrophylla), Eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus globulus), Black plum leaves (Syzygium cumini), Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Black pepper (Piper nigrum) and Garden croton leaves (Codiaeum variegatum) to control the cucurbit fruit fly infestation in experimental cucumber (Green Rohini F1 Hybrid Cucumber) field during March 15, 2021– May 14, 2021. This study observed a less number of cucurbit fruit fly attack on cucumber fruits in Ginger treatment. In this treatment, only 7.06% fruits were infested by cucurbit fruit fly. The Ginger treatment reduced 14.17 times fruit fly infestation compare to control. However, a high number of cucurbit fruit fly infestations were found in Bitter gourd, young Tomato, Mahogany and Garden croton treatments. Cucurbit fruit fly infestation was low (12.50%) in Neem treatment. This treatment showed best performance on cucumber size (cm) and yield (gm). The lowest yield was found in Bitter gourd treatment. The Neem treatment kept about 3.54 times better performance in respect to cucumber yield than that of control treatment. Therefore, Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts can be used as bio-pesticide for eco-friendly control of cucurbit fruit fly infestation in cucumber field.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 38-42, 2020

Effect of Photoblastism on Rice Morphogenesis and Seedling Development

MN Hoque — 2022-07-06

The effect of continuous light and complete dark period on seed germination to first leaf emergence was examined in BRRIdhan71 and BRRIdhan81 in controlled environment at 22 ± 2 ^ᵒC and 82± 2 % of relative humidity, with or without supplemental LED white light. In the dark, BRRIdhan71 had a germination rate of 97 percent and BRRIdhan81 had a germination rate of 57 percent. Germination was 92 percent in BRRIdhan81 and 77 percent in BRRIdhan71 under photoblastic conditions (Light). The dark and light treatments had a noticeable impact on the percentage of seeds that germinated. Coleoptile was longer in dark than light in BRRIdhan71. In both rice varieties, the light and dark treatments had little effect on the first leaf length, although the first leaf breadth increased noticeably in BRRIdhan81. The growth condition had an impact on root length, seedling fresh weight, and dry weight. Germination percent, coleoptile length, prophyll length, first leaf length, and root length all decreased in BRRIdhan71, whereas germination percent, first leaf length, first leaf breadth, seedling freash, and dry weight all increased significantly in BRRIdhan81.The findings imply that BRRIdhan71 and BRRIdhan81, in particular, responded to photoblastic treatment and predominantly possess photoblastic biocomponents in seed, which affect germination and subsequent growth phases. Rice seed during germinate in the field will light stress if photoblastism is not considered during the development and release of rice varieties for different seasons, such as Aman and Boro, because light affects seeding photomorphogenesis differently in different growth environments.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 43-49, 2020

Growth of Rice Plant Under Green Light- Inefficient or Neglected

MN Hoque — 2022-07-06

The objectives of this study was to investigate the effect of green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination as well as seedling growth. The rice seed of BRRIdhan52, BRRIdhan81, BRRIdhan86 and BRRIdhan92 were germinated and nursed in control environment in full dark (no supplemental light) and under green light (6 h/day with18 h dark). The results showed that germination percent, leaf length, leaf blade length, seedling fresh and dry weight were enhanced by green lighting. Highest germination percent (88%) was counted in BRRIdhan86 and longest first leaf (7.24 cm) with widest leaf (7.24 cm) in BRRIdhan92 under green light. Green light not only enhance the first leaf blade length also increased the dry matter production. High positive significant correlation were observed in seedling fresh weight and dry weight. Correlation value (r) was positive and significantly ranged from 0.999 to 0.981. Green light remarkably promote the leaf surface area, root morphology which ultimately contributed to vigorous seedling growth with an increase 6 to 156 times than rice seedlings grown in dark for the studied character. As a result, the effects of green light emitting diodes (LEDs) on rice seed and seedlings for plant cultivation under controlled-environment conditions are promising, and they may affect subsequent phases of growth and development. More research on green light and other solid state light sources are needed for use in plant lighting designs, as well as the ability to match wavelengths to plant photo sensors for better production and influence on plant morphology and metabolism.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 50-55, 2020

Effect of Light-Emitting Diodes on Different Growth Stages of Rice

MN Hoque — 2022-07-06

Effect of red and blue light on seed germination and seedling growth were studied in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice seeds were germinated in dark (control) and two types of light emitting-diodes (LED): red and green in the laboratory. The photoperiod of 6 h light and 18 h dark for LEDs treatment and 24h dark treatments with 24/18 ± 2 °C day/night temperature and 78± 2 % relative humidity were maintained in the growth room. Seed germination percentage under red light increased significantly when compared with the control; however, in blue light, germination percent decreased with little difference. First leaf length, first leaf blade length, root length, seedling fresh and dry weight increased under red and blue lights in most of the varieties. Highest germination (98%), longest root (8.18 cm) and high seedling fresh weight (0.527 g) and seedling dry weight (0.061g) in BRRIdhan71 and longest leaf in BRRIdhan75, were recorded under red light. Highest germination (96%), seedling fresh weight (0.414g) and seedling dry weight (0.047g) in BRRIdhan71, longest first leaf (6.50 cm) in BRRIdhan75 and longest root (9.37 cm) in BRRIdhan87 were recorded under blue light. First leaf blade showed only positive correlation with root length (r = 0.489), whereas seedling fresh weight showed complete correlation with seedling dry weight (r =1). Response index was positive in root length, seedling fresh and dry weight under red light. First leaf blade length, seedling fresh and dry weight had the positive response index under blue light. Within the visible spectrum, varying wave lengths of red and blue light alone altered the growth and morphology of rice seedlings, and variable reactions to illumination depended on the rice varieties, necessitating further research.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 56-62, 2020

Effect of Red, Blue, Green LEDs on the Germination and Seedling Growth of Rice

MN Hoque — 2022-07-06

The present investigations attempted to study the effects of red, blue and green LEDs effect on seed germination, first leaf length, first leaf blade length, root length, seedling fresh and dry weight. Seeds of five rice varieties were germinated and seedlings were grown under dark and red, blue, green LEDs lighting system (6 h photoperiod and 18 h dark) set at 20 to 24± 2 _°C for day and night respectively and 70 ± 2 % relative humidity in a control chamber for 14 days (starting 3 days after plated for germination). The result showed that germination percent increased significantly in BRRIdhan52 and BRRIdhan75 under red-blue-green LEDs than dark. First leaf length increased in dark than LEDs treatment. Longest leaf (10.42 cm) was recorded in BRRIdhan86 in dark and under LEDs in BRRIdhan75 (5.70 cm). First leaf blade length was highest in BRRIdhan52 (2.56 cm) under LEDs treatment and in dark BRRIdhan67 had the longest (2.48 cm). Root length was also increased significantly in studied rice varieties. Though, longest root was found in dark in BRRIdhan71 (6.69 cm) and under LEDs, BRRIdhan71 had the longest root (6.35 cm). Seedling fresh and dry weight were highest under red-blue-dark LEDs treatment. BRRIdhan86 had the highest and BRRIdhan67 had the lowest seedling fresh and dry weight with a range of 0.323g to 0.451g and 0.037g to 0.052g respectively than dark condition. Root length showed positive significant correlation with seedling fresh weight (r = 0.876) and seedling dry weight (r = 0.873). Whereas seedling fresh weight showed complete correlation (r = 1) with seedling dry weight. Response index was negative for first leaf length in the studied rice varieties. Highest response index (35.93) was observed for seedling fresh and dry weight in BRRIdhan75 and BRRIdhan86.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 63-69, 2020

Status of the Fishermen Living at the Tangon River Bank- A Case Study from the North-west of Bangladesh

K Fatema — 2022-07-06

This study intended to provide information on the fishermen engaged in fishing in the Tangon River, Thakurgaon. To assess their existing status, some essential socio-economic information e.g. literacy, religion, health hazards, sanitation and medical facilities, family structure, income level, types of fishermen, fishing, and constraints were taken into account. Results indicated that the majority of the fishermen (77%) belonged to the age class >35-50 years and were dominated by Muslims (89%). Three educational categories were recorded where illiteracy was main (52%), 24% had a primary level of education, and 24% could only sign. This survey revealed that the fishermen near Tangon River are leading measurable life due to great financial hardship. Therefore, proper conservation and management measures must be taken to enhance the fisheries biodiversity in the river so that the fishermen can harvest sufficient fish on a sustainable basis. The government, as well as non-government organizations (NGOs), should take appropriate initiatives to enhance their living standard and to improve such techniques/alternatives that can benefit the underprivileged fishermen to hold present fishing profession in the Tangon River.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 70-75, 2020

Assessment of Water Quality Parameters of The Kohelia River at Cox’s Bazar of Bangladesh

MS Ahammed — 2022-07-06

The study was conducted to explore the physicochemical parameters of surface water from the construction work involving the bridge over the river Kohelia and road along the bank of Kohelia for the construction of access road for Matarbari Coal Fired Power Plant is under construction area of Bangladesh starting from September 2020 to September 2021. The surface water samples were collected from three sampling stations in the Kohelia for the construction of access road for Matarbari. The result of the study showed that pH, Temperature (T), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Turbidity, Electric Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) were ranged from 6.6 to 8.2, 24.8 to 31.6ºC, 4.3 to 6.1 mg/L, 4.0 to 15.0 mg/L, 7.4 to 117.0 NTU, 24.3 to 725.0 μS/cm, 200.0 to 2721.0 mg/L, 23.6 to 644.0 N/100 ML and 11.0 to 312.0 N/100 ML respectively. Some parameters showed no significant change with the time period. This might happen due to periodic changes per day or month due to tidal effects as the study area of Kohelia River is very close estuary of the Bay of Bengal. Except pH and Temperature (T), all others physicochemical parameters were across the acceptable range of standard limits. The Comparative study showed Total and Fecal coliform is higher than the Standard might be happen due to piling slurry, concrete debris, wastewater, unhygienic sanitary waste, soil & silt dumping, surface runoff, oil and grease littering, solid waste created by workers, encroachment etc.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 76-81, 2020

Proximate, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Amla Powder and Amla Candy

MS Parvez — 2022-07-06

Amla is sour and astringent taste fruit, making the fruit less palatable to eat directly as fresh fruit; hence it can be consumed in processed form. Preparing powder and candy from amla fruit can increase its acceptability, the market value of it and be utilized to develop new value-added products. Considering this, the present study was designed to evaluate the nutritional compositions, vitamin C content, beta-carotene content, and antioxidant activity of fresh amla and two amla products such as amla powder and amla candy. Between the two products, amla powder contained a significantly (P < 0.05) high amount of dietary fiber (17.67%), protein (4.98%), and ash (9.82%) contents than fresh amla and amla candy. Between two products, vitamin C (298.3 mg/100gm) and beta-carotene (113.55 mg/100gm) contents were significantly (P < 0.05) high in amla powder. But amla candy showed high antioxidant activity (77.75%) than amla powder (59.2%). Results of this study suggested that amla and amla products are a good source of nutrients like vitamin C and different bioactive components. Amla can be utilized in diets as candy and dehydrated powder or flour which is easily included in food formulations due to its excellent nutritional qualities. Optimization of its use is beneficial in terms of nutritional and economical points of view.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 82-86, 2020

Potentiality of Banana and Pumpkin Fruits Residues as a Cheap Source of Valuable Nutrients

MR Mahmud — 2022-07-06

Banana peel and pumpkin seeds are under-utilized by-products or wastes of the household and food processing industry but these could be rich in valuable nutritive compounds. Having a scientific database on the chemical and proximate analysis of the plants cultivated in the particular region would be helpful to the food product manufacturer, educator, researcher, public health personnel, policymaker, and population under food stress. Literature indicates that the nutritional and chemical composition of these under-utilized materials has not been characterized previously. The present study was designed to examine the nutritional, antioxidants, vitamin C, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of peels and seeds flour of selected fruits. Nutritional analysis reveals that the peel flour of Musa acuminata is rich in crude fiber 14.13%, carbohydrate 60.38%, and seed flour of Cucurbita maxima is rich in protein 30.05%, fat 43.81%, dietary fiber 13.81%. BPF showed more antioxidant activity (86.8%), total phenolic and flavonoid content than PSF, which is rich in vitamin C content (9.23 mg/100gm). Industrial by-products can be processed into value-added products such as flour that is more easily stored for further uses. By-product flour can easily include in food formulations due to its excellent nutritional qualities. Optimization of its use is beneficial in terms of nutritional and economical points of view.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 87-93, 2020

Perception on environmental concern of pesticide use in relation to Framers’ knowledge

F Alam — 2022-07-06

Chemical pesticides are indiscriminately used for pest management and vector control. However, many farming communities are unaware of the dangers associated with the chemicals. This study assessed vegetable farmers' perception of the environmental impact of pesticide use in Bangladesh concerning the farmers’ knowledge and type. The farmers' socioeconomic characteristics and their relationship to some of the study variables, their attitude towards pesticides' environmental consequences, and their level of pesticide related knowledge were investigated. In this study, 882 farmers from nine districts participated through in-depth interviews and observations on-farm. The majority of farmers were males aged between 30 and 40 (32.44% in winter and 32.87% in summer). Moreover, 29.77% of the winter vegetable growers can sign their name only, but for the summer season’s 31.02% were educated up to high school. For the winter season, the highest 74.44% of respondents belonged to focal farmers who believed pesticides could be hazardous to their health. Only 1.68% of control farmers agreed pesticide use could lead to secondary pest resurgence. For the summer season, farmers were most concerned (60.19%) about the health risks to farm-workers, while secondary pest resurgence was the least concerned. In general, the focal farmers had a high level of knowledge and concern about pesticide hazards compared to the proximal and control farmers. Comprehensive intervention measures are required to mitigate pesticide-related health and environmental risks, including pesticide safety training programs for farmers, which could promote sustainable agricultural development while minimizing the environmental and health risks of pesticide misuse.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 94-99, 2020

Sanitation Pattern and its Impact on Child in Relation to their Diarrheal Disease of two Upazilla under Satkhira District

N Huda — 2022-07-06

The sanitation pattern is not so good in rural areas of Bangladesh. About 2.2 million children died of diarrhea disease around the world and these deaths represent approximately 15% of all child deaths under the age of five in developing countries. For this study, two rural areas of Satkhira District of Bangladesh were selected. The information was collected from households that had children under 5 years old. The majority of the locals are illiterate and impoverished. They have a low income and are not well aware of sanitation and children’s diarrhea. Most people use tubewell water for drinking purposes and others use ponds, rivers and hand pump water for domestic purposes. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions reduce diarrheal disease on average by between one-quarter and one-third. New sanitary solutions are required, and the process of acquiring latrines and sewers must be facilitated and supported both legislatively and financially. Public authorities must continue to be responsible for the provision of water that is free of fecal contaminants. In the private domain, hygiene promotion should focus on the elimination of human stools from the domestic environment. We should ensure safe sanitation, clean water and a hygienic environment for children and their survival.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 100-109, 2020

Effect of Different Mulches on Growth and Yield of Cauliflower in Southern Bangladesh

MC Sil — 2022-07-06

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Patuakhali from November 2011 to April 2012 to find out the most adventitious mulch material for Cauliflower production. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Six different mulches (M) along with control were applied as treatment viz M₀ =Control (without mulches), M₁ =Black polythene, M₂ =White polythene, M₃ =Saw dust, M₄ =Water hyacinth and M₅ =Rice straw. Data were compared on plant height (cm); number of leaves/plant; leaf area (cm²)/plant; leaf area index (cm²); dry weight of root, leaf and stem (g/plant); total dry matter (g/plant); crop growth rate (g/m²/day); relative growth rate (g/cm²/day); diameter of curd (cm²); curd fresh weight (g/plant) and curd yield (t/ha). Significant variation was obtained in case of all the compared parameters among the treatments but water hyacinth mulch gave highest value compared to control and other mulches. Finally, it can be concluded that water hyacinth mulch was found most effective for cauliflower production under AEZ-13 of the southern part of Bangladesh.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 110-117, 2020

Assessment of Air Quality Parameters at Different Locations of Tangail Sadar Upazila, Tangail

M Rehnuma — 2022-07-06

The study was conducted to investigate the concentration of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CH₄, CO₂, CO, SO₂ in the air of Tangail Sadar Upazila, Tangail. In the study area air quality data has been collected from eight sampling stations namely MBSTU campus, Baby stand, Nirala more, New bus stand, Rabna bypass, College gate, Old bus stand, Nogor jalfoi during dry season. The air quality data collected by using Aeroqual S 500 series. The concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CH₄, CO₂, CO, SO₂ found in air were ranged from 0.03-0.06, 0.04-0.10, 12.3-36, 919-1238.2, 0.00- 2.61, 0.00-0.48 mg/m³, respectively. The concentration of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ that have been found were higher than Bangladesh standard and WHO guideline. Their sources could be the motor vehicles, road dust, coal burning, road construction, open dumping of solid waste in Tangail Sadar Upazila. Appropriate engine design control strategies and maintenance services should be introduced for reducing emission. Efficient solid waste management system should be introduced to control emission from construction sources.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 118-122, 2020