Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research is an international, peer-reviewed, quarterly, highly-indexed scientific journal publishing original research findings and reviews on all aspects of veterinary and animal sciences. Full text articles available. JAVAR is included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh
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Proteome of the testicular cell-conditioned medium supports germ cell differentiation in vitro
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of testicular cell conditioned medium (TCCM) on in vitro male germ cell differentiation and provide a proteomic profile of TCCM. Materials and Methods: TCCM was collected from 5-day-old mouse testicular tissues cultured in serum-free DMEM. Proteomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Germ cells were isolated from 13.5 days post-coitum (dpc) mouse fetal genital ridges and divided into three groups: (a) control (DMEM + 15% FCS), (b) 40% TCCM + 60% DMEM + 15% FCS, and (c) 60% TCCM + 40% DMEM + 15% FCS. Cells were cultured for 24 days. Gene expression of Oct4, Acr, Dazl, Vasa, Stra8, Prm1, and Gdf9 was measured using real-time PCR. Results: Proteomic analysis identified 26 proteins in TCCM. Notably, COL4A1, COL4A2, and HSPG2 are associated with the basement membrane and are essential for supporting extracellular matrix integrity, while FN1, FBN1, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL5A2, and COL3A12 are linked to the PI3K-AKT pathway, which regulates cell proliferation. In TCCM-treated groups, germ cells differentiated into spermatid-like cells by day 18 and sperm-like structures by day 24. Oct4, Dazl, Vasa, Stra8, Prm1, and Acr were expressed across all groups, but without statistically significant differences (p > 0.05), while Gdf9 was not expressed. Conclusion: The addition of TCCM, which contains extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, enhanced in vitro differentiation of male germ cells into sperm-like structures, together with somatic cells from the genital ridge. These ECM proteins contribute to creating a microenvironment that closely mimics in vivo conditions. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1087–1096, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l969
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahono Esthi Prasetyaningtyas, Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja, Srihadi Agungpriyono, I Ketut Mudite Adnyane, Kusdiantoro Mohamad, Mokhamad Fahrudin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of the effect of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eucalyptus globulus against Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum in broilers
Objective: This study intended to assess the effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils (Eos) as an alternative to antibiotics on Salmonella spp. infection, antibiotic growth promotion, and immunomodulation in experimentally infected broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Broiler chicks (n = 135) were randomly and equally divided into nine groups. From day 1, experimental groups were dietary supplemented with C. zeylanicum or E. globulus EOs. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) counts in droppings, growth performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio), humoral immune response to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), and gut morphology were measured in birds. Results: The antibiotic groups and the positive control group recorded significantly higher SE and SG counts compared to the EO groups. Cinnamomum zeylanicum recorded the highest reduction in SE and SG counts. Birds fed EOs gained weight much faster on day 35 and improved their NDV and IBDV titers. Supplementation with the EO resulted in the lengthening of villi and an increase in mucosal surface area in various intestinal sections, including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, as observed under the microscope, indicating an improvement in gut function. Conclusion: Cinnamomum zeylanicum and E. globulus EOs both exhibited a high in vivo anti-Salmonella effect, better growth performance, and improved immune and gut conditions in broilers. These results support the use of plant-based EOs as natural and antibiotic-free alternatives for controlling Salmonella infections in chicken. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1097–1107, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l970
Copyright (c) 2025 Sidra Yasmin, Muhammad Taimoor, Hira Noor, Muhammad Nawaz, Aftab Ahmad Anjum, Kamran Ashraf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantitative assessment of Benzalkonium residues in abattoir wastewater and evaluation of disinfectant application practices in Western Thailand
Objective: To assess benzalkonium chloride (BAC) contamination in abattoir wastewater and evaluate disinfectant usage practices in Western Thailand. Materials and Methods: Wastewater samples and questionnaire data were collected from 20 pig and poultry abattoirs. BAC analogues were detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Associations between abattoir scale and safety practices were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, with effect sizes expressed as Cramer’s V. Results: BAC residues were identified in all abattoirs, including 40% that reported not using BACbased disinfectants. Four large-scale facilities discharged wastewater into public waterways, posing environmental risks. Significant associations were found between abattoir scale and safety measures: safety training (Cramer’s V = 0.59), personal protective equipment availability (0.57), and spill kit preparedness (0.89). Large-scale facilities adhered to these measures, while small and medium operations showed limited compliance. Although smaller facilities did not discharge into public areas, insufficient safety practices may contribute to BAC accumulation. Conclusion: BAC residues are widespread in abattoir wastewater. Strengthened regulatory oversight, systematic monitoring, and routine safety training are essential to mitigate environmental and occupational hazards. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1108–1114, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l971
Copyright (c) 2025 Suppada Kananub, Prakorn Jala, Tepyuda Sritrakul, Maneenooch Khiao-In http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Postnatal development of the epididymis from birth until puberty of indigenous sheep (Barind-type) in Bangladesh
Objectives: The present study investigated the biometrical and histomorphometric changes in the epididymis of Barind-type indigenous sheep during postnatal development from birth to puberty. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 Barind-type indigenous lambs of varying postnatal ages—day 0, 1, and 2 weeks; and 1, 2.5, 5, and 7 months—were used in this study. Histomorphometric analysis was done using routine haematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The Barind-type indigenous ram lamb epididymis followed a regionalized pattern of development, with the tail beginning development before other anatomical regions. The Barindtype indigenous ram lamb epididymal development was slow until 1 month of age, followed by a rapid period of epididymal development. The epididymal length and weight were more than 5 and 50 times greater, respectively, at puberty than at birth. The epithelial height and tubular diameter were expanded significantly (p < 0.05) from 1 month of age in all regions except in the tail at 7 months, where the epithelial height decreased dramatically (p < 0.05). Regarding regional differences, the largest epithelium height and tubular diameter were consistently found in the tail, and the smallest in the head, until 5 months. At 7 months, the reverse was observed in epithelium height. Epididymal regions were significantly (p < 0.05) different from one another at 5 and 7 months in terms of tubular diameter and epithelium height, respectively. Sperm first appeared in the tubular lumen by 7 months in the Barind-type indigenous ram epididymis. Conclusion: The biometric and histomorphometric alterations in the epididymal structure of Barind-type indigenous ram during postnatal development until puberty are recorded for the first time in this study. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1115–1124, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l972
Copyright (c) 2025 Mst. Aesha, Md Sheikh Sadi, Md Emtiaj Alam, Takashi Tanida, Md Royhan Gofur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prolactin gene diversity and its influence on milk yield traits in Ayrshire dairy cattle from Southern Russia
Objective: The objective of this research was to discover single-nucleotide variations in the prolactin (PRL) gene and to evaluate their correlation with milk production characteristics in Ayrshire cows reared in southern Russia. Materials and Methods: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) samples were extracted from the blood of cows (n = 300) using a commercial kit. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was employed to identify and quantify genotypes and allele frequencies. Genetic indices were calculated, and statistical processing was performed. A general linear model was used to investigate the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms and milk productivity in cows. Results: The distribution of the AA, AB, and BB genotypes in the studied population was 90%, 0%, and 10%, respectively. The genetic equilibrium in the Ayrshire cow population was preserved (χ² = 0.2879). The results indicate the presence of allelic diversity in the prolactin gene in this population. The milk yield per lactation in cows with the PRL_AA genotype was 7,378.50 kg, and for PRL_BB, it was 6,569.63 kg. Ayrshire cows with the PRL_BB genotype yielded less milk compared to their PRL_AA counterparts by 10.96% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Using the obtained results in the future selection of offspring with desirable PRL genotypes at an earlier age could significantly increase the efficiency of breeding work in the studpulation and accelerate the process of creating a herd with higher productivity potential. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1125–1131, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l973
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadezhda Vasilievna Shirokova, Vladimir Khristoforovich Fiodorov, Ivan Fiodorovich Gorlov, Marina Ivanovna Slozhenkina, Elena Yurievna Anisimova, Natalia Ivanovna Mosolova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morphological, hematological, biochemical characteristics, and food preferences of common teal (Anas crecca) during the wintering period in Punjab, Pakistan
Objective: The study aims to investigate sexual dimorphism in common teal (Anas crecca) by comparing various morphological, hematological, and biochemical parameters between males and females. Materials and Methods: 27 freshly captured wintering teals were collected from hunters holding valid shooting licenses and were subjected to hematological, biochemical, and food preference analysis following all relevant ethical guidelines for animal research. Results: Several morphological traits showed significant sexual dimorphism, including body length, wingspan, primary wing length, tail length, beak length, and head length, while body weight, tarsal and metatarsal lengths, and body circumference showed no significant differences. Hematological parameters such as red blood cells count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width-standard deviation differed significantly between sexes. Biochemical analysis revealed notable differences in urea, protein, and albumin levels. No significant difference in dietary preferences was observed between males and females. Conclusion: Morphological differences between males and females were observed except for parameters such as body weight, tarsal length, metatarsal length, and body circumference. Dietary preference was non-significant between genders. These findings would contribute to a deeper understanding of sexual dimorphism in common teal and may inform future research on migratory behavior, habitat use, and conservation strategies tailored to sex-specific ecological needs. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1132–1141, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l974
Copyright (c) 2025 Shozab Seemab Khan, Tariq Javed, Muhammad Saleem Khan, Muhammad Wajid http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Patterns of multidrug resistance in Salmonella isolated from commercial layers during 4 months of rearing in Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Objective: Antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens from livestock and poultry pose a significant global concern, contributing to many foodborne and zoonotic diseases. This study aimed to detect Salmonella spp. from selected poultry farms during a defined study period, with a particular focus on antibiotic resistance. Materials and Methods: One hundred and five cloacal swabs were obtained aseptically from birds of seven randomly selected commercial layer farms of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. The isolation of Salmonella spp. was performed through culturing on selective agar media and subsequently confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The disc diffusion method was performed to determine the sensitivity of confirmed Salmonella spp. isolates against 19 antibiotics. Finally, PCR was performed to detect the tetracycline (tetA) and beta-lactamase (blaTEM) genes. Results: Out of 105 samples, 34 were detected as positive for Salmonella spp. on Salmonella-Shigella media, of which 20 (19.05%) isolates were confirmed as Salmonella spp. (211 bp). Erythromycin, cefuroxime, doxycycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and tetA were ineffective against all 20 isolates. Several unique antibiotic resistance patterns were observed, with most isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR). Furthermore, 100% of the phenotypically resistant isolates contained the tetA and blaTEM genes. Conclusion: Commercial layers in Bangladesh were found to harbor MDR Salmonella spp., representing a potential risk to the poultry population and a public health concern. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1142–1150, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l975
Copyright (c) 2025 Anny Khatun, Md Hadiuzzaman, Ashik Ahmed Durber, Sourav Chakraborty, Most Nahida Khatun, Rupaida Akter Shila, Sakib Anzum Pranto, Ripon Sarker, Marzia Rahman, Mohammod Kamruj Jaman Bhuiyan, Md Alimul Islam, Dipongkor Saha, Kazi Rafiq, Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genetic diversity and association analysis of the growth hormone gene in local Indonesian chicken
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Growth hormone gene, including its additive and dominant components, on laying performance (age at first laying, body weight at first laying, weight of the first egg, total eggs produced by 24 weeks, and total eggs produced by 48 weeks) and carcass attributes (live weight, carcass weight, breast weight, back weight, thigh weight, and wing weight). Materials and Methods: A total of 35 Kampung hens and 19 Sentul roosters were used in this study. Genotyping at the GH|MspI and GH|SacI loci was conducted using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Association analyses were conducted using analysis of variance, while additive and dominance effects were assessed through generalized linear models implemented in R version 4.3.1. Results: RFLP analysis revealed polymorphism at the GH|MspI locus but not at GH|SacI. No significant differences in any trait were observed among the GH|MspI genotypes. Similarly, no significant additive or dominance effects were detected. Moreover, nanopore sequencing identified two novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms, g.3242delG and g.3396_3401del, in both Kampung and Sentul chickens. Conclusion: No significant association was found between these polymorphisms and laying or carcass traits. Additionally, no significant additive or dominance effects were found, implying that these loci did not significantly influence the definition of these traits in Kampung and Sentul chickens. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1151–1158, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l976
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Pratiwi, Nurul Azizah, Anne Sukmara, Bayu Dewantoro Putro Soewandi, Latifah Latifah, Tuti Haryati, Bram Brahmantiyo, Jonathan Anugrah Lase, Dwi Rohmadi, Usman Usman, Paskah Partogi Agung, Maijon Purba, Mohamad Farid Ridhillah, Abdullah Baharun, Ferdy Saputra, Tike Sartika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of replacing concentrates with cassava products on feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation in Thai native cattle
Objective: The study investigated the effect of replacing concentrate with dried cassava tops and fermented cassava pulp (CtFCp) on feed efficiency, nutrient intake, and rumen fermentation in Thai native cattle. Materials and Methods: A completely randomized design with three dietary treatments was conducted with female Thai native cattle, initially weighing approximately 97 kg. The dietary treatments consisted of 100% concentrate (Control), 67% concentrate mixed with 33% dried CtFCp-33, and 33% concentrate mixed with 67% dried CtFCp-67, all based on dry matter (DM). Results: DM intake and digestibility were lower (p < 0.05) in the CtFCp-67 treatment than in other treatments. In addition, crude protein digestibility increased (p < 0.001) in the CtFCp diets. At 4 h post-feeding, concentrations of acetate and propionate were significantly decreased in the CtFCp-67 treatment, while total volatile fatty acids and butyrate were also significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Estimated methane emissions were lower in CtFCp-67 than CtFCp-33 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: CtFCp can replace up to 33% of concentrate in Thai native cattle diets without affecting intake or digestibility. Further studies should assess the effects of lactating cows. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1159–1167, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l977
Copyright (c) 2025 Sophany Morm, Areerat Lunpha, Ruangyote Pilajun, Anusorn Cherdthong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of supplementation with rumen-protected methionine on growth, feed efficiency, blood parameters, and health of weaned Holstein growing calves
Objective: This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on growth performance, feed efficiency (FE), blood parameters, and health status in post-weaning calves. Materials and Methods: Forty weaned calves were randomly allocated to four groups: G1. No RPM supplementation (control); G2. RPM supplementation for 10 days post-weaning (days 75–85); G3. RPM supplementation for 20 days post-weaning (days 75–95); G4. RPM supplementation for 30 days post-weaning (days 75–105). Ethyl cellulose-coated D-L methionine was administered at 2 gm/day/calf. Growth performance, FE, serum biochemical parameters, complete blood count (CBC), and health indicators were investigated. Results: G4 showed the highest weight gain (1.01 kg/day) and FE (0.54), as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.84) (p < 0.05). In contrast, G1 had the lowest weight gain (0.82 kg/day) and FE (0.51), along with the highest FCR (1.98) (p < 0.05). RPM supplementation significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels (p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on total protein, triglyceride, or cholesterol levels. Additionally, it increased RBC count and hemoglobin concentration (p < 0.05), while WBC counts, lymphocytes, and platelets remained unaffected. Moreover, RPM supplementation significantly improved overall health and reduced the incidence of diarrhea (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with RPM had a positive influence on growth performance, FE, blood parameters, and overall health in growing calves. A daily dose of 2 gm/day/calf is recommended. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1192–1200, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l979
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamed Nikookalm, Farhad Foroudi, Naser Karimi, Ghobad Asgari, Kazem Karimi, Ali Afsar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of dietary incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on hatching characteristics and serum parameters of local Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in Togo
Objective: This study evaluated the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal incorporation in local Guinea fowl breeders’ diet on the hatching rate, quality, and serum parameters of Keet in Togo. Materials and Methods: For this study, 512 breeder Guinea fowls (128 males and 384 females) were assigned randomly to four dietary groups (with four replicates each), named DT0, DT1, DT2, and DT3, containing, respectively, 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of M. oleifera leaf powder in diets. Guinea fowls are raised in confinement. Four incubations (I38, I42, I46, and I50) of 560 eggs were carried out each (Incubated at 37.7°C, with a relative humidity of 55%, the eggs were turned once per hour at a 90° angle until 23 days before transferred to hatching baskets for 3–4 days). These eggs were collected from 384 local Guinea fowls at 38, 42, 46, and 50 weeks of age. Egg weight loss, the duration of hatching events, fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality, and serum parameters of keets at hatch were evaluated. Results: The duration of the hatching events in the DT0 and DT1 treatments was higher than that of the DT2 and DT3 groups. The fertility rate (%) in DT2 and DT3 (76.43 ± 3.8 and 76.15 ± 4.5, respectively) was higher than that of DT0 and DT1 (73.3 ± 6.6 and 74.2 ± 4.7, respectively). Hatchability (%) was lower in DT0 (81.5 ± 3.3) compared to DT1, DT2, and DT3 (87.54 ± 5.5, 87.03 ± 3.2, and 88.25 ± 4.1, respectively). Embryo mortality rate (%) reduced in DT1, DT2, and DT3 (9.92 ± 0.24; 11.08 ± 0.34; and 11.12 ± 0.71, respectively) compared to DT0 (12.84 ± 1.59). The total proteins and albumin levels were higher in DT1, DT2, and DT3 compared to DT0. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, uric acid, creatinine, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels for all treatments were not significantly different. Total cholesterol decreases in DT1, DT2, and DT3 compared to DT0. Conclusion: In conclusion, M. oleifera leaf meal incorporated into local Guinea fowl breeders’ diets at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% improves keets production. However, according to the results on egg production performance of Guinea fowl breeders obtained in our previous study, the best performance was obtained with dietary inclusion of 0.5% and 1% M. oleifera leaves powder. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1201–1210, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l980
Copyright (c) 2025 Patrik Nukunu Komi Atitso, Kokou Voemesse, Aduayi Akue, Hèzouwè Tchilabalo Meteyake, Kafui Amivi Tete-Benissan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association study of the CSN2 gene with milk yield in the Sapera goat
Objective: This research was conducted to assess the influence of CSN2 exon 7 milk production and the additive and dominance effects. Materials and Methods: DNA was isolated from 64 goats that possessed the CSN2 gene and subjected to a polymerase chain reaction and genotyping by Sanger sequencing. Genotype effect can be assessed through analysis of variance and the generalized linear model, which can estimate additive and dominance effects. Results: Dairy traits are greatly influenced by the crucial role played by the CSN2 gene. The influence of SNP g.8946C > T on milk yield (MY) is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the impact of SNP g.8956G > A on MY is not statistically significant. Furthermore, the MY of Sapera goats is affected by both Parity (p < 0.01) and days in milk (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The CC genotype demonstrates a higher MY without noticeable additive or dominance effects. Evaluating the SNP g.8946C > T necessitates many samples and phenotypes. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1211–1216, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l981
Copyright (c) 2025 Santiananda Arta Asmarasari, Galih Ari Wirawan Siregar, Ferdy Saputra, Lisa Praharani, Zultinur Muttaqin, Diana Andrianita Kusumaningrum, Nurul Azizah, Wisri Puastuti, Dwi Yulistiani, Supardi Rusdiana, Anneke Anggraeni, Suyatno Suyatno, Teguh Ari Prabowo, Nurul Pratiwi, Cecep Hidayat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Production performance, egg quality, and economic profitability of Isa Brown hens that received Eucalyptus globulus leaf powder-based diet
Objective: The Eucalyptus globulus leaf powder (EgP) was used in this study to evaluate its effects on the productive performance, physical quality of eggs, and profitability of Isa Brown laying hens. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 20-week-old Isa Brown laying hens were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 4 replicates each, with 20 hens per pen for 24 weeks. The groups comprised 0% EgP without AGP (negative control, group T-); 0% EgP with the use of AGP (positive control, group T+); 0.25% EgP without AGP (group T1); 0.5% EgP without AGP (group T2); and 1% EgP without AGP (group T3). Results: The study revealed that the average laying rate was higher in T2 hens with a higher average egg weight, similar to T3. The feed conversion ratio was statistically lower in the EgP and AGP groups than in the negative control group. With storage duration, the eggshell weight was higher, and the Haugh unit significantly decreased less than that of hens treated with EgP compared to the control groups. The gross operating income was positive only for T2 and T3 hens during the 30th to 44th week (phase 2 of laying), and in this phase, the use of E. globulus leaf at 0.5% realized a margin of 10.63 F CFA on the production of an egg compared to the antibiotic group. Conclusion: The inclusion of 0.5% EgP in the diet of hens resulted in the highest level of profitability and egg quality observed throughout the 24-week production period. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1217–1227, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l982
Copyright (c) 2025 Aduayi Akue, Lamboni Lare, Edith Aïcha Soara, Essodina Talaki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Soil-transmitted helminths associated with BMI in schoolchildren of Chakdara, Lower Dir, Pakistan
Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between soil-transmitted helminths and body mass index (BMI) among the school children of Chakdara, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Students aged 5–15 years participated in this study. Stool specimens were collected from 130 students between August 2020 and September 2021 and examined both macroscopically and microscopically. The height and weight were measured, then classified as normal BMI or underweight BMI according to the World Health Organization range criteria. Results: The overall prevalence was noted as 38.5%, with 35.9% of males and 43.9% of females being infected. Roundworms (56%) were the most prevalent, followed by hookworms (28%) and whipworms (16%). Students with 5–8 years of experience presented the highest prevalence rate of 41.2%, followed by those with 9–12 years (33.3%) and 13–15 years (40%). A total of 30% of children had a normal BMI, while 70% were underweight. Of the 38.5% of infected children, 26% had a normal BMI, while 74% were underweight. Lack of handwashing with soap, lack of footwear, and low family income were identified as significant risk factors (p-value < 0.05) for helminth infection, while other factors, such as family size and access to a toilet at home, showed no significant association (p-value = 0.05). The association between soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection and underweight BMI (p-value = 0.20) even though a sizable portion of students possessed BMIs, heights, and weights below standard reference ranges. Conclusion: The present study concludes that being underweight is a risk factor for STH infection, reflecting poor hygiene standards and malnutrition in children. To reduce infection rates, these children must adopt a better diet and practice better personal, environmental, and hygiene habits. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1228–1236, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l983
Copyright (c) 2025 Wali Khan, Ateeq Ullah, Majed H Wakid, Tabana Iman, Zubia Masood, Tanzeela Yousaf, Patricio R De los Rios-Escalante, Mashael Abdullah Aldamigh, Yousef Abdal Jalil Fadladdin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of floor versus conventional elevated housing on the welfare and meat quality of rabbits
Objective: The housing system is a crucial determinant of animal welfare. This study aimed to compare the effects of intensive housing with those of alternative floor housing on the welfare of rabbits and their meat production. Materials and Methods: Eighty New Zealand rabbits (40 females and 40 males) with an initial mean weight of 1.3 kg and aged 35 days were distributed into four treatment groups. Treatment 1 (T1) comprised five floor cages with four male rabbits in each cage; Treatment 2 (T2) comprised five floor cages, each containing four female rabbits; Treatment 3 (T3) consisted of five elevated cages housing four male rabbits each, and Treatment 4 (T4) consisted of five elevated cages housing four female rabbits each. Indicators of carcass quality, including moisture, protein, lipids, ash, pH, color (L*, a*, b*), physiological stress (plasma cortisol), oxidative stress (lipid oxidation TBARS), and number of antioxidants (FRAP) in the plasma and tissue, were measured. Results: A significant difference (p < 0.05) in pH was observed between the conventional cages and the floor cages, as well as in cortisol levels for the traditional and floor cages (p < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, lipid oxidation (TBARS) was not significantly different in plasma but was significantly different in meat. The TBARS value was higher for floor cages and lower for conventional cages. The FRAP value was not significantly different between plasma and meat (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate that the use of floor cages does not affect the nutritive value of rabbit meat. Conclusion: The type of cage used affects rabbits’ physiological stress levels and lipid oxidation in muscle tissue, which impacts meat quality. The nutritional value of meat remains unaffected, regardless of the cage type or sex of the rabbit. The floor cage environment enables the rabbits to engage in activities typical of their species, thereby contributing to the animals’ welfare by improving driving skills, attitudes, and handler behavior. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1237–1242, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l984
Copyright (c) 2025 José Manuel Robles-Robles, Adrián Muñoz-Cuautle, José Luis Ponce-Covarrubias, María Esther Ortega-Cerrilla, Fernando Utrera-Quintana, Ricardo Martínez-Martínez, Abel Villa-Mancera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus using antigen capture ELISA and RT-PCR assay in cattle with respiratory and abortive issues in Morocco
Objective: This research assessed the prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) among cattle herds from five provinces in the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco (Benslimane, Settat, Berrechid, El Jadida, and Sidi Bennour), which experience respiratory and reproductive disorders. Antigen capture ELISA and real-time RT-PCR were utilized for the detection of BVDV. Materials and Methods: From January 2021 to June 2025, 500 blood serum samples and 500 leukocyte samples from cattle with respiratory or abortive symptoms were collected and analyzed using an antigen capture ELISA assay and a real-time RT-PCR assay, respectively, for BVD antigens or genome sequence. Results: Of the 500 sampled cattle, 9 (1.8%) tested positive, with all 9 results being actively infected with BVDV confirmed via RT-PCR test. The positive results were found across four provinces; Benslimane had the highest proportion of positive cases (44.4%), while Settat and Berrechid each had 22.2% of the positives, and El Jadida had one (11.1%) case. No cases were found in Sidi Bennour. Conclusion: This study presents the first documented case of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in Morocco, highlighting its potential for widespread circulation in the country. These results underscore the need for further studies to isolate and characterize circulating strains of BVDV, with the goal of developing effective prevention and control strategies to minimize their negative impacts on cattle health and productivity. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1243–1249, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l985
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanane Khallouki, Fatiha El Mellouli, Hasnae Zekhnini, Safaa Sabri, Houria Abdelghaffar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adaptation and performance evaluation of Perendale, Dorper, and Suffolk sheep in Bangladesh
Objective: The research was conducted to adapt the Perendale, Dorper, and Suffolk sheep and evaluate their productive and reproductive performances. Materials and Methods: Data from 82 pure exotic sheep were recorded within the period of 2016–2024. The considered traits were birth weight, live weight at 3 (BWT3), 6 (BWT6), 9 (BWT9), and 12 months (BWT12), adult weight (2–3 years), average daily weight gain at 0–3 (ADG0-3), 3–6 (ADG3–6), 6–9 (ADG6–9), and 9–12 (ADG9–12) months of age, wool production, age at first conception, gestation length, litter size, age at first lambing, lambing interval, and days open. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.4.2. Results: Breed had no significant effect on productive and reproductive traits except BWT3, ADG0- 3, wool production per sheep per shearing, and average lambing interval. The highest BWT3 (kg) and ADG0-3 (gm/day) were found in Dorper sheep, followed by Suffolk and Perendale, and the values were 23.15, 22.19, and 19.39 and 216.52, 210.86, and 173.12, respectively. In the case of wool production per sheep per shearing (kg), the highest production was found in Suffolk compared to Perendale and Dorper, respectively. The lowest lambing interval (days) was found in Dorper sheep, followed by Suffolk and Perendale, respectively. The average survivability rate of lambs and growing sheep was 96.34 and 98.73, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that exotic sheep are well-adapted to our environment, and Dorper sheep may be utilized to produce meat-type crossbred sheep. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1250–1258, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l986
Copyright (c) 2025 Nure Hasni Desha, Sadia Afrin, Md Mahmudul Hasan Pasha, Md Nahid Hassan Chawdhury, Md Zillur Rahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative histopathology of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus challenged with Aeromonas veronii via IM and IP routes
Objective: The focal purpose of this investigation was to contrast the pathological changes from different histological observations of Anabas testudineus artificially infected with Aeromonas veronii. Materials and Methods: Intramuscular (IM) and intraperitoneal (IP) injection routes were used to challenge fish with three different bacterial concentrations, including 2.1 × 105 , 2.1 × 10⁵, and 2.1 × 10⁴ cfu ml⁻¹ of bacteria to investigate the effects of various loads of A. veronii on the histopathological alterations in the skin-muscle, liver, and intestine of A. testudineus during 13 days of post-challenge test. Two replicates (n = 10) were used for each of the IM and IP groups, corresponding to the three aforementioned bacterial loads, in the challenge test for this study. Results: The highest bacterial challenge (2.1 × 10⁴ cfu ml⁻¹) groups from both IP and IM produced some prominent clinical signs, e.g., red spots, ulcers, and lesions on the body surface, and highest cumulative mortality (IP = 50% and IM = 40%) compared to the control groups having no pathological signs in all organs. Histopathological alterations observed under the light microscope revealed significant pathologies (e.g., vacuolation and necrosis) in all organs studied, particularly at the highest bacterial loads, compared to the other challenges and control groups. It suggests that varied bacterial loads can produce different types of pathology in various fish organs. Conclusion: Aeromonas veronii can cause mortality and remarkable pathological changes in different organs of A. testudineus. Findings from experimental infections can be used as an effective tool to predict the virulence of pathogens and to develop advanced prevention and health management strategies in aquaculture. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1275–1285, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l988
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Ali Reza Faruk, Fatema Jahan, Maliha Farzana, K M Abdul Halim, Tamanna Tabassum, Tanvir Rahman, Salman Shahriar Nibir, Ishrat Zahan Anka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of formaldehyde-killed and alum-adjuvanted multicomponent Salmonella Enteritidis phage-type vaccines in chickens
Objective: The study objectives were to develop multicomponent formaldehyde-killed and alum-adjuvanted Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) phage-type vaccines in chickens. Materials and Methods: SEPTs 35, 7, 6A, 3A, and 1 were killed, mixed to prepare six combinations, namely, V635, V671, V673, V675, and V613 and administered (0.20 ml) to chicks (n = 124) of 6 groups (CV635, CV671, CV673, CV675, and CV613), and one non-administered group as a control. Other chicks underwent 0.20 ml with SE 6A per chick (1,010 cfu per ml) as a challenge and were labeled CVZC, CV635C, CV671C, CV673C, CV675C, and CV613C. The blood, swab of cloaca, liver, spleen, digesta of the middle part of the intestine, and digesta of the cecum samples were collected for Salmonella detection. The caecum, bursa of Fabricius, liver, spleen, and ileum tissues were collected for histopathological examination. Results: Salmonella was detected (100%) from the digesta of the middle part of the intestine, swabs of the cloaca, digesta of the caecum, and blood, spleen, and liver samples in the CVZC. Salmonella was not detected from the 3 (50%), 2 (33%), and 1 (17%) samples in the CV671C and CV673C, CV613C and CV635C, and CV675C, respectively. Histopathological changes were mild (lesion scoring of 0.4/3.0) and recorded in the group CVZC in the ileum, cecum, and bursa of Fabricius on days 7 and 14 pc, respectively. Conclusions: All combinations of killed SEPTs could protect the chick against SE infection. However, V673 and V671 products are safer and more effective compared to other products. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1286–1296, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l989
Copyright (c) 2025 Amanullah Akhtar, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Elawad A Hussein, Siti Khairani Bejo, Zunita Zakaria http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence and clinical profiles of Mycoplasma haemofelis and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ in domestic cats in Southern Vietnam
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence and species distribution of feline hemoplasmas—Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” (CMhm)—in domestic cats in southern Vietnam. The 16S rRNA gene was used as a molecular marker for this research. To assess their clinical relevance, the blood and chemical profiles of the infected cats were also examined. Materials and Methods: We collected a total of 68 blood samples from domestic cats brought to the Veterinary Teaching Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Can Tho University, Vietnam. To screen for hemoplasma, genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted, and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to target the 16S rRNA gene. We sequenced the positive samples and then used nucleotide BLAST to identify the species. The simulated hematological and biochemical data, including hematocrit, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), were reviewed to support clinical interpretation. Results: In this study, five of the 68 samples (7.35%) tested positive for feline hemoplasmas. Two of the samples were identified as M. haemofelis, while three were classified as “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum”. Cats infected with Mhf exhibited normocytic normochromic anemia, accompanied by increased ALT levels and a slight elevation in BUN. These findings suggest that the infection affects the whole body. In contrast, cats that tested positive for CMhm showed no clinical symptoms, and their blood and biochemical tests were normal. Conclusion: This study confirms presence of both Mhf and CMhm in domestic catsin Southern Vietnam. Although CMhm is generally considered low virulence, the hematobiochemical alterations observed in Mhf-positive cats warrant attention. PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene proves effective for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1297–1304, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l990
Copyright (c) 2025 Thao Tran Thi, Chien Tran Phuoc Nguyen, Dac Gia Luu, Tham Thi Dang, Bich Tran Ngoc http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Changes in blood parameters of broilers fed solid-state fermented cassava peel–foliage mix meal as a replacement for Zea mays in broilers’ diets
Objective: The current study examined the effects of replacing Zea mays (maize) with solid-state Fermented cassava peel–foliage mix meal (FCPL) on the biochemical profiles and hematological markers. Materials and Methods: Cassava peels and foliage were processed by drying, grinding, and mixing at a ratio of 19:1; the resulting mixture was then fermented using Aspergillus niger American Type Culture Collection 16404. Then, broiler diets were supplemented with fermented cassava peel– foliage mix meal (FCPL) at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% maize replacement levels. In a fully randomized design, 480 seven-day-old Anak 2,000 broiler chicks were assigned to the four dietary treatments. Each treatment included 120 birds, which were then split into four duplicates of 30 chicks each. Results: Inclusion of FCPL tended to improve hematological parameters, with hematocrit (PCV) increasing significantly (p < 0.05) and peaking at 60% replacement, while erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration showed numerical increases. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were lower in FCPL-fed groups, suggesting no negative effects on liver function, whereas serum cholesterol and glucose levels reduced significantly (p < 0.05) as FCPL inclusion increased. Total serum protein remained within normal physiological ranges, and albumin concentration was highest at 40% replacement, suggesting optimal protein utilization at this level. Conclusion: Replacing maize with up to 60% FCPL in broiler diets enhances PCV levels, reduces serum cholesterol, and supports liver function. These findings highlight fermented cassava by-products as a sustainable, health-promoting, and cost-effective alternative energy source in poultry nutrition, contributing to feed resource diversification and improved productivity. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1305–1313, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l991
Copyright (c) 2025 Razaq Adekunle Animashahun, Olayinka Olubunmi Alabi, Adedeji Peculiar Animashahun, Olasunkanmi Peter Olajide, Abiodun Adebayo Idowu, Destiny Emmanuel Solomon, Oluwagbenga Paul Olorunfemi, Feranmi Gbenga Omoniyi, Collins Collins Francis, Emmanuel Oluwatobi Olowoloba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanistic insights into Calotropis procera extract and green-silver nanoparticles as therapeutic agents in murine schistosomiasis: Targeting BAX/Bcl-2 and oxidative stress
Objective: This study aims to make a comparative evaluation of the therapeutic efficacies of the Calotropis extract (CpE) and green silver nanoparticles (GSNPs) compared to praziquantel (PZQ) in treating mice infected with schistosomiasis, with a comprehensive assessment of host physiological responses. Materials and Methods: The CpE-fabricated silver nanoparticles were characterized (UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared). Five experimental groups were conducted: uninfected, infected untreated, PZQ-, CpE-, and GSNP-treated. The parasitological, biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural approaches were employed in evaluating each treatment protocol. Results: It was found that the reduction of the worm burden and oogram count was significantly enhanced by both CpE and GSNPs, yet PZQ showed better antiparasitic effects. The antioxidant activity of GSNPs was more efficient, and they significantly restored hepatic (glutathione) as well as reduced (malondialdehyde) and (nitric oxide) levels. In addition, both CpE and GSNPs regulated apoptotic markers by inhibiting Bcl2-cell-associated X protein and enhancing B-cell lymphoma protein 2 expression, thereby inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis. Histopathological examination revealed a reduction in granuloma size and hepatic fibrosis, along with an improved hepatoprotective potential of GSNPs. Biochemical analysis revealed increased activity of liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase) as well as markers of renal function (urea and creatinine), indicating they also had a systemic protective role. All treatments resulted in some ultrastructural alterations in worms. Conclusion: The normalized parasitological and physiological parameters were utilized in developing a novel mathematical framework that facilitates more objective assessments for treatment protocols. Although PZQ showed the highest efficacy against the parasite (total efficacy score: 71.8), the plant extract showed the highest efficacy in anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic properties (total efficacy score: 61.6). However, GSNPs showed balanced therapeutic benefits (total efficacy score: 51.1). This study indicated that comparison based on both the host physiological parameters and those of the parasite is more comprehensive for optimal anti-schistosomal treatment selection. This study also confirmed that treatments derived from plant sources may have complementary benefits over traditional chemotherapy through metabolic pathways involved in the host protective responses. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1314–1332, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l992
Copyright (c) 2025 Zeyad K Hamdan, Muzayyan Fadhly Namik, Noor Adnan Mahmood, Mohammad I Soliman, Mohammed A Abdel-Rasol, Ahmed H Nigm http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Devil’s tree (Alstonia scholaris) for its health-safeguarding property and antipathogenic activities against fungi and helminth parasites of veterinary importance
Objective: The study was formulated to analyze the health benefits and antifungal and anthelmintic properties of Alstonia scholaris, specifically its bark, as claimed in Mizo traditional medicine. Biochemical assays were set up to evaluate the antioxidant potential and bioactivity tests on activity against pathogenic fungi and helminth parasites. Materials and Methods: Alstonia scholaris bark extract was prepared in petroleum ether, a non-polar solvent. Phytochemical detections were performed for 11 chemical tests. The total antioxidant, flavonoid, and phenol contents were determined. The free radical-scavenging reactions were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antifungal activity was tested by an agar diffusion method. Anthelmintic activity was assessed by survival assay, scanning electron microscopy, and histology. Results: Phytosterols were identified as the main bioactive compounds. The total antioxidant was estimated at 6.4305 mg ascorbate equivalent per gram, flavonoid at 128.03 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram, and phenol at 10.72 mg pentahydroxyflavone equivalent per gram. The FRAP assay demonstrated a concentration-dependent scavenging of ferric (Fe⁺³) cations. The DPPH scavenging reaction showed the half-maximal inhibitory concentration at 136 µg/ml. It was found that the plant extract was effective against Candida albicans, Neocosmospora keratoplastica, and Neosartorya fumigata, with the highest degree of inhibition against C. albicans. It exhibited activity against the poultry tapeworm, Raillietina echinobothrida. Light and electron microscopy revealed signature antiparasitic effects on different parts of the parasite body. Conclusion: The study vindicated the medicinal properties of A. scholaris in terms of antioxidants, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1333–1344, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l993
Copyright (c) 2025 Lal Ngaihmanawmi, Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii, Lalbiakngheti Tlau, Lucy Lalawmpuii, Lal Rosangpuii, Lal Nundanga, Kholhring Lalchhandama http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Novel mutation sites in the Bubaline MC1R gene
Objective: Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an important livestock species raised for meat, milk, and draught purposes. In Indonesia, buffaloes with rare coat colors (e.g., white, striped) hold cultural significance, especially in Toraja funeral traditions. This study aimed to identify mutation sites in the exon 1 region (822 bp) of the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene in buffaloes using forward sequencing. Materials and Methods: Four Toraya buffaloes (1 white, 2 striped, and 1 black) and two black Murrah buffaloes were used as experimental animals. In addition, seven MC1R gene sequences from different buffalo breeds (Murrah × Dehong (light grey), Dehong (white and dark grey), Murrah (black), Jafarabadi (black), and Surti (brown)) were obtained from the NCBI database for comparative analysis. Results: A total of five nucleotide variation sites were identified in the experimental animals, including three novel mutations (c.26M, c.49Y, and c.50R) and two previously reported mutations (c.170R and c.244K). Among these, c.50R was identified as a synonymous mutation, while the remaining mutations were non-synonymous and predicted to affect the amino acid sequence of the MC1R protein. Notably, all three novel mutation sites were consistently present in all studied Toraya and Murrah buffaloes, suggesting shared genetic variants across phenotypically distinct populations. Structural prediction analysis indicated that these mutations could potentially alter the conformation and function of the MC1R protein. Conclusion: The identification of three novel mutations in the MC1R gene enhances our understanding of coat color variation and genetic diversity in Indonesian buffalo populations, particularly those of cultural and economic significance. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1345–1353, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l994
Copyright (c) 2025 Widya Pintaka Bayu Putra, Hikmayani Iskandar, Tulus Maulana, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin, Syahputra Wibowo, Erni Damayant, Syahruddin Said http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In vitro characterization of fiber-rich tropical feedstuffs for pig diets
Objective: This study aimed to characterize the characteristics of fiber-rich feedstuffs using a three-step in vitro method. Materials and methods: A three-step in vitro digestibility simulation included step 1 and step 2, which were referred to as “enzymatic hydrolysis” and mimicked processes in the stomach, followed by an ileal digestibility assessment, whereas step 3 mimicked the hindgut fermentation using fecal inoculum. The fiber-rich feedstuffs used were banana stem (Musa acuminata) (Bas), brewery by-product (Brew), cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf (CL) and root by-product, cabbage waste (Brassica oleracea) (Caw), sweet potato vines (Ipomoea batatas) (Swe), taro leaves and petioles (Colocasia esculenta) (Taro), tofu by-product (TF), and Trichanthera gigantea foliage (Tri). Results: Tri and TF were marginally (10%) digested in the small intestine; for TF, this was largely compensated for by the level of the hindgut, resulting in the highest volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from TF as compared with any other fiber-rich feedstuff tested. Nevertheless, 55% of the crude protein (CP) of TF was digested in the small intestine, resulting in a modest accumulation of hindgut ammonia as compared with CP from Tri, which particularly seemed to be fermented in the hindgut. For the complete diets, the ileal digestible CP of the test diets was 7.8% to 18.5% lower than that of the control diet, except for the TF diet. Only diets including Bas and CL enhanced hindgut VFA production compared with the control. Conclusion: Fiber-rich feedstuffs differ widely in intestinal digestibility and hindgut fermentation. The three-step in vitro simulation results for the nine tested fiber-rich feedstuffs could provide valuable insights into assessing feeding values for pig production. Additionally, an interaction was observed between fiber source and dietary nutrients in complete diets, which impaired ileal CP digestibility. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1354–1362, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l995
Copyright (c) 2025 Quan Hai Nguyen, Phung Dinh Le, Ngoan Duc Le http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growth and economic performance of Kacang goats fed concentrates containing cattle rumen content silage
Objective: This study aimed to determine the growth and economic efficiency of Kacang goats that were fed different levels of cattle rumen content silage (CRCS) in a concentrate ration based on Andropogon timorensis grass. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Kacang goats aged 8–10 months, with an average live weight of 11.7 ± 1.4 kg, were used as experimental animals. The treatment applied was the use of CRCS in the concentrate at different levels: 0% (T0), 10% (T1), 20% (T2), and 30% (T3). The feed consisted of 70% A. timorensis grass and 30% concentrate. Each treatment was repeated five times, resulting in 20 experimental units. The parameters measured were dry matter intake (DMI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed cost per gain (FCPG), and income over feed cost (IOFC). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and further tested with Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on DMI, while DWG, FCR, FCPG, and IOFC were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by the treatment. The use of 10% CRCS (T1) resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.05) DWG (38.20 gm/day), FCR (8.33), FCPG (40.57), and IOFC (Indonesian rupiahs 30,001) compared to T2 and T3, but was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from T0. Conclusions: The use of 10% CRCS in concentration improves the growth and economic efficiency of Kacang goats and provides sustainable benefits to the environment by utilizing CRCS in feed rations. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1363–1369, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l996
Copyright (c) 2025 Edwin Jermias Lodowik Lazarus, Benny Yohanes Wole, Maritje Aleonor Hilakore, Emma Dyelim Wie Lawa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Toxico-pathological investigations of in-ovo inoculation of different fungal extracts and Bacillus cereus alone and in combination in chicken embryos
Objective: The current study was carried out to investigate the toxico-pathological and teratogenic effects of in-ovo administration of fungal-derived extracts of Ochratoxin (OT) and Aflatoxin (AF) and Bacillus cereus isolated from poultry feeds. Materials and Methods: Fertilized chicken eggs were divided into seven groups: control, sham control (normal saline), OT (600 ppb), AF (400 ppb), OT+AF (600 + 400 ppb), B. cereus (1 × 10⁸ CFU), and OT + AF + B. cereus (600 + 400 ppb + 1×10⁸ CFU). The extracts of each fungus and B. cereus were injected through the Chorioallantoic membrane route into 9-day-old embryos (216 h). The study evaluated embryonic mortality, hatchability, body weight, relative organ weights, and gross lesions. Morphometric alterations, including crown-to-rump, shank, head, and limb lengths, were measured. Results: Variable degrees of mortality and reduced hatchability were observed across treatment groups. Embryonic mortality was highest in combination groups F and G at 24 and 96 h, whereas the OT group showed the highest mortality at 48 and 72 h. Body weights and all morphometric parameters decreased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control groups. Teratogenic effects included curling, dwarfism, hemorrhages, stunted growth, feather loss, anophthalmia, malformed bills, twisted necks, abdominal hernias, and malformed fingers and limb buds. Conclusion: These findings suggest that inoculation of OT, AF, and B. cereus, individually or in combination, exerts severe teratogenic and embryotoxic effects, resulting in high embryonic mortality and developmental malformations. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1370–1378, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l997
Copyright (c) 2025 Qasim Saleem Raza, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Aisha Khatoon, Rao Zahid Abbas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of oil-enriched tomato powder and simvastatin on yolk cholesterol and color in laying hens
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the influence of varying levels of oil-enriched tomato powder (OTP) and simvastatin supplementation on the performance and egg quality of laying hens. Materials and Methods: Two hundred 32-week-old Lohmann–Brown hens were utilized in this study and divided into five groups: T1 = control diet; T2 = control diet + 0.03% simvastatin; T3 = 6% OTP in diet; T4 = 12% OTP in diet; and T5 = 18% OTP in diet. Results: The treatments with different levels of OTP and simvastatin had no significant effect on the performance of laying hens (p > 0.05), including egg weight, egg mass, hen-day egg production (HDEP), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. However, dietary OTP at T5 significantly enhanced the yolk color index (p < 0.05) compared with treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4. Dietary OTP in T5 and supplementation of simvastatin at T2 significantly reduced (p < 0.05) cholesterol level in egg yolk, with the lowest cholesterol level produced by treatment T2. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of 18% OTP in the diet improves yolk color index and reduces cholesterol without affecting laying hen performance, though simvastatin is more effective in cholesterol reduction. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1396 -1404, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l999
Copyright (c) 2025 Ulvi Fitri Handayani, Maria Endo Mahata http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative energy value of discarded potato chips used as feed ingredient in finishing diets for lambs
Objective: To determine the comparative energy value of discarded potato chips (DPC) used as a feed ingredient, the growth performance, carcass traits, and visceral mass were evaluated in 48 lambs. Materials and Methods: Lambs (29.89 ± 2.72 kg) were used in a randomized block design (8 replicates/treatment) in a 63-day feeding trial. DPC was composed mainly of malformed potato chips, which were removed before packaging. Its chemical composition was 96.92% dry matter, 7.11% CP, 39.65% ether extract, 2.84% neutral detergent fiber, and 46.03% starch. The DPC was included at 0%, 5%, and 10% in a total mixed ration (88:12 concentrate-to-forage ratio), replacing cracked corn grain. Results: Replacing corn with DPC did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain, and gain-to-feed ratio. The observed dietary net energy (NE) was not modified by replacing corn with DPC and was close to (0.99) the NE expected according to the diet formulation. Using the replacement technique, the estimated NE for maintenance of DPC averaged 2.37 Mcal/kg. Kidney-pelvic-heart fat (KPH) and visceral fat were increased linearly (p = 0.04) as DPC increased in the diet, while the rest of the variables of carcass, shoulder tissue composition, and visceral mass were not affected. Conclusion: DPC included at up to a 10% level in the diet did not affect DMI, efficiency, and carcass traits but increased KPH and visceral fat. The average NE value of DPC is approximately 6.5% higher than that of cracked corn grain. However, due to its high fat content, careful consideration is necessary when formulating rations. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1405–1413, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l1000
Copyright (c) 2025 Yesica Janeth Arteaga Wences, Jorge Luis Ramos Mendez, Alfredo Estrada Angulo, Jesús David Urías Estrada, Elizama Ponce Barraza, Lucía De Guadalupe Escobedo Gallegos, Daniel Alejandro Mendoza Cortez, Alberto Barreras, Luis Corona, Alejandro Plascencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pestivirus infection in sheep and goats in Northern Saudi Arabia
Objective: The current research aims to elucidate the recent situation regarding Pestivirus infection among different age groups, sexes, and breeds of goats and sheep in northern Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: 850 serum samples representing 594 sheep and 256 goats were collected at the slaughterhouse in Rafha city. Results: Using enzyme-linked Immune Assay, the overall detected seroprevalence in sheep and goats was 24.5%; it was 30.5% in goats and 21.9% in sheep. The detected seroprevalence was higher in goats than in sheep, in females than in males, and in adults than in young. According to the breeds, the highest prevalence (47%) was observed in the Naime breed. Pearson chi-square analysis revealed a significant correlation between infection and animal species (p < 0.008), sex (p < 0.003), and breed (p < 0.000). Conclusion: The prevalence of Pestivirus in sheep and goats appears to be increasing in the Northern region and throughout the country. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1414–1420, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l1001
Copyright (c) 2025 Yahia Hassan Ali, Intisar Kamil Saeed, Muaz Magzob Abdellatif, Anwar A Alsharari, Medhat Ahmed Abu-Tahon, Ahmad M Abdel-Mageed, Ali M S Eleragi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Retrospective evaluation of surgical outcomes using traditional, internal obturator muscle flap, and sacroischial sling technique for canine perineal hernia repair
Objectives: This retrospective study compared the outcomes of three surgical methods: traditional technique, internal obturator muscle flap, and sacroischial sling (TT, IOMF, and SS) for the treatment of canine perineal hernias. Postoperative complications associated with each technique were also compared. Materials and Methods: 87 dogs (86 males, 1 female) with perineal hernia were included in this study. Dogs were grouped based on the surgical technique used: TT (30 sitesin 24 dogs), IOMF (30 sites in 26 dogs), and SS (53 sites in 37 dogs). Results: Surgical times were 36.8 ± 9.7 min for TT, 50.2 ± 13.6 min for IOMF, and 31.9 ± 11.53 min for SS. Both TT and SS were significantly faster than IOMF (p < 0.01). A comparative analysis of surgical outcomes revealed differing success and failure rates. The success rate of the IOMF group was higher (99.3%) compared to the TT group (80%); however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.254). In contrast, the SS group demonstrated a statistically significantly greater success rate (98.1%) than the TT group (p = 0.008), indicating that it may be a more successful approach for perineal hernia correction in dogs. The TT group had the highest rate of temporary stranguria (20.8%) and required colopexy and cystopexy most frequently (16.7%). The SS group had the lowest rate of urinary incontinence (2.7%) and external anal sphincter muscle paresis(2.7%). However, this group exhibited the highest incidence of temporary dyschezia (8.1%) and a slightly elevated incidence of skin dehiscence. Wound complications were similar across all groups. The IOMF group had a higher incidence of external anal sphincter muscle paresis (26.9%) compared to both TT and SS. The complication rate of the SS group (7.0%, 13/185 events) was significantly lower than both TT (18.3%, 22/120; p < 0.01) and IOMF (18.5%, 24/130; p < 0.01) groups and required fewer additional procedures, indicating fewer overall complications. Conclusion: Overall, the SS technique is a practical, low-complication alternative for perineal hernia correction, offering results comparable to those of IOMF and superior to those of TT. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1421–1429, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l1002
Copyright (c) 2025 Wijit Sutthiprapa, Pharkpoom Budsayaplakornv, Nattika Koatsang, Wutthiwong Theerapan, Naris Thengchaisri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular weight-based profiling of sperm proteins and their association with semen quality in Kokok Balenggek roosters
Objective: The study characterized the sperm proteins of Kokok Balenggek roosters based on molecular weight patterns to investigate the relationship between sperm composition and semen quality. Materials and Methods: Semen from 15 Kokok Balenggek roosters was collected and tested for standard quality indicators, including volume, motility, viability, abnormalities, and plasma membrane integrity (PMI). The protein content was measured, and the sperm protein profile was established by applying SDS-PAGE on a 10% polyacrylamide gel. In the next phase, the statistical correlation between the indicators of semen quality and the total protein levels, as well as the protein fractions defined by the molecular weight, was determined. Results: Through the SDS-PAGE analysis, a total of 46 protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 8 to ≥ 245 kDa were identified in KBR semen. The average volume of fresh semen was 597.67 ± 325.20 µl, the motility was 80.78% ± 12.92%, the viability was 87.56% ± 5.33%, the abnormality was 10.60% ± 2.30%, and the PMI was 85.06% ± 5.37%. There was a forceful positive correlation between the number of protein bands and sperm motility (r = 0.91, p < 0.01). High molecular weight proteins (≥ 218–247 kDa) showed negative associations with motility and viability, while low molecular weight proteins (< 30–40 kDa) were linked to sperm quality parameters in a positive way. The previous studies propose that these molecular weight ranges may be indicative of BSP proteins (~28–32 kDa), glycoproteins (~40–42 kDa), HSP70/HSP90 (~60–75 kDa), SPAG6 (~72 kDa), and fibronectin or larger heat shock proteins (~200–250 kDa), among others. Conclusion: The evaluation of KBR sperm proteins through their molecular weight profiles may yield initial clues to the potential semen quality markers, which is one of the main limitations of current research. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1430–1440, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l1003
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaswandi Jaswandi, Harif Gusdinal, Tulus Maulana, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin, Rusfidra Rusfidra, Ananda Ananda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainability and future outlook of the Philippine pig industry
The Philippines relies significantly on swine-related enterprises for food security and economic stability. The sector has faced numerous restraints in recent years and remains considerably distant from reaching the production target for domestic consumption. This study aims to identify the key drivers of the nation’s pork production in recent years, thereby enhancing our understanding of what is needed to make the industry sustainable in the future. A comprehensive review was conducted using keyword-based searches across major databases and official reports (2018–2023) to assess pig production, consumption, technology adoption, and sustainability in the Philippines. The extracted data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis in IBM SPSS Statistics 20 to examine the relationships among key production factors. Most of the existing problems identified through this review are somehow related to small-scale operation. Large-scale commercial farms have solutions to many of these issues, and a gradual expansion of their operations is recommended. We observed a powerful negative linear relationship between domestic pork production and pork importation (r = −0.949). Pork importation contributes to retail price hike (r = 0.948) and is negatively related to consumption (r = −0.815), indicating that increasing national production is mandatory for stabilizing the market. A rapid transition to commercial systems is not feasible, as many farmers would be left with no alternatives if the government were to cease support. Consistent guidance, support, and monitoring from the government and other responsible entities can help build awareness, establish cooperative farms, and achieve sustainability. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1168–1191, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l978
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Sharifuzzaman, Hong-Seok Mun, Eddiemar B Lagua, Hae-Rang Park, Young-Hwa Kim, Md Kamrul Hasan, Jin-Gu Kang, Chul-Ju Yang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diagnostic and vaccination challenges in the PPR pre-eradication era: Identifying gaps and potential unintended consequences
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary, highly contagious, notifiable, viral disease of small ruminants. In recognition of its global threat and socioeconomic impact, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have targeted PPR for eradication by 2030, accelerating the need for robust diagnostic, surveillance, and vaccination strategies. This review synthesizes global efforts toward PPR eradication, with a particular focus on diagnostic efficacy, vaccination coverage, and the persistent challenges that hinder progress. It also addresses concerns raised in the 2024 WOAH/FAO technical review regarding potential unintended consequences of eradication—namely, the ecological niche left by rinderpest and PPR that may allow the emergence or spread of other morbilliviruses. A literature search was conducted using peer-reviewed articles (2015–2025) and recent FAO/WOAH reports. Key gaps were identified in vaccine deployment, differentiating infected from vaccinated animals capability, and field diagnostics in addition to the potential unintended consequences of eradication. Finally, we advocate for the integration of predictive modeling to assess the risk of disease reintroduction and host spillover and for embedding these insights into future eradication policies. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1259–1274, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l987
Copyright (c) 2025 Reham Karam, Yahya Aljasem, Saleh Alrashedi, Ali Alhafufi, Mohammed Abuhaimed, Hassan Albaqshi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The current scenario, challenges, and their possible mitigation practices for livestock production potentials in the Haor ecosystem of Bangladesh: A review
This review paper provides comprehensive insights into the current livestock production potential in the Haor regions, the impact of climate change on livestock production, development strategies for the sector, challenges associated with climate-resilient livestock farming, and potential mitigation measures. The Haors of Bangladesh, situated in the greater Sylhet and Mymensingh districts, are vital components of the ecosystem, holding significant economic, ecological, and commercial importance. The unique features of these low-lying floodplains, including their resources and seasonal variations, foster diverse biodiversity and ecosystems, covering over 1.99 million hectares and home to approximately 19.37 million people. All authors independently gathered data from peer-reviewed articles, dissertations, theses, government agencies, and media reports using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 2023 to June 2025. Data were also collected through personal communication and consultation with livestock officers from the Department of Livestock Services serving in the Haor districts and relevant experts (n = 30). Climatic data were obtained from the Climate Information Management System of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council. Residents in Haor areas, particularly women and the elderly, are heavily engaged in livestock husbandry as a means of livelihood. The livestock sector is expected to meet nutritional requirements, generate employment, and provide national benefits through increased production of milk, meat, and eggs. This review paper is the first to synthesize, analyze, and interpret insights on the existing livestock production potential in Haor areas, along with challenges and possible mitigation strategies, culminating in some recommendations at the end of this paper. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(4): 1379 -1395, December 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l998
Copyright (c) 2025 Shubash Chandra Das, Mohammad Mahbubul, Jannatul Ferdows, Mohini Paul http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0