Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research is an international, peer-reviewed, quarterly, highly-indexed scientific journal publishing original research findings and reviews on all aspects of veterinary and animal sciences. Full text articles available. JAVAR is included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh
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Proteomic analysis of seminal plasma in Bali-polled bulls: Identifying biomarkers for fertility assessment
Objective: This study aimed to conduct a proteomic analysis of the seminal plasma using advanced proteomic techniques in Bali-polled bulls in order to assess fertility. Materials and Methods: Semen samples from Bali-polled bulls (n = 5) were analyzed via one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for protein separation, followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for peptide identification. Data were processed using the UniProt bovine protein database and STRING software. Result: A total of 84 proteins were identified, with two remaining unclassified. These proteins were categorized into key biological processes, including reproduction, regulation of biological quality, and catabolic processes. Molecular functions predominantly included catalytic activity, hydrolase activity, and peptidase regulator activity, while cellular components were primarily associated with the extracellular region, vesicles, and lysosomes. Thirteen proteins were identified as directly linked to fertility functions: SPADH1, Binder of Sperm Proteins 3, SPADH2, ANG, Binder of Sperm Proteins 5, TEX101, ELSPBP1, FOLR3, TCP1, LDHC, HEXA, SPAM1, and CTSB. These proteins were further analyzed for their functional relevance to reproductive biology. Conclusion: While these findings provide preliminary insights into fertility-related biomarkers for Bali-polled bulls, further validation and statistical analysis are required to confirm their diagnostic and breeding potential. This proteomic analysis represents a first step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of fertility in this underrepresented breed, contributing to improved breeding strategies and genetic resource management. Future studies should aim to expand the sample size, validate the identified biomarkers through experimental assays, and explore their potential for broader applications in bovine fertility management. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 698–708, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l933
Copyright (c) 2025 Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Santoso Santoso, Herdis Herdis, Hasbi Hasbi, Takdir Saili, Suyatno Suyatno, Syahruddin Said, Tatan Kostaman, Maman Surachman, Fitra Aji Pamungkas, Umi Adiat, Rahma Isartina Anwar, Hikmayani Iskandar, Rahmat Rahmat, Hasrin Hasrin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dietary charcoal supplementation modulates hematological, biochemical, immunological, antioxidant, and intestinal parameters in ducks
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary charcoal supplementation on hematological and biochemical indices, immune function, antioxidant status, and intestinal histomorphology in ducks. Materials and Methods: A total of 144 mule ducks, aged 4 weeks, were randomly allocated into 6 experimental groups. Birds were reared under uniform conditions in floor pens and provided with a basal diet (3,000 kcal/kg ME and 20% CP)supplemented with 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.5% charcoal. Results: Dietary inclusion of charcoal at 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% significantly reduced serum creatinine (p = 0.049) and urea concentrations (p = 0.036), suggesting enhanced renal function. Additionally, ducks receiving 1.5% and 2.0% charcoal exhibited significantly lower plasma corticosterone levels (p = 0.045) and elevated blood glucose concentrations (p = 0.042) compared to the control group. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in other serum biochemical markers (total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin-to-globulin ratio, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) or hematological parameters. Antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced (p ≤ 0.05) in ducks fed 1.5% charcoal, except for malondialdehyde levels, which remained unaffected (p = 0.943). Serum immunoglobulin A concentrations and relative spleen weights were significantly higher in the 1.5% and 2.0% charcoal groups (p = 0.0125 and p = 0.0207, respectively), while IgG and IgM levels did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). Moreover, charcoal supplementation at 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% positively influenced the villus architecture of both the duodenum and cecum (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with up to 1.5% charcoal appears to confer physiological benefits in ducks by supporting renal function, enhancing immune and antioxidant responses, and improving intestinal morphology. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 709–716, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l934
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Hosny, Mohamed FA Farghly, Mostafa G Abdelfattah, Mohamed E Abd El-Hack, Elwy A Ashour, Ahmed K Aldhalmi, Ayman A Swelum, Vincenzo Tufarelli, Mohamed S El-kholy, Alessandra Tateo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bacterial biodiversity and metagenomic study of dadih, traditional fermented buffalo milk from Kampar district, Riau, Indonesia
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the metagenomic and microbial diversity of dadih in Kampar District, Riau, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The dadih samples were collected from dadih producers in three villages, namely Limau Manis(LM), Rumbio (RB), and Muaro Jalai (MJ). DNA samples were extracted and sequenced through Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT), operated by MinKNOW software version 23.04.5. Library preparations were conducted using kits from ONT. Results: The next-generation sequencing analysis on three dadih from Kampar identified two bacterial phyla, Bacillota and Pseudomonadota. Furthermore, there was a slight variation in dadih's microbiota composition between LM, RB, and MJ. The Bacillota phylum dominated the dadih microbiota in LM and RB villages, with a relative abundance of 60%–80%. The dadih from MJ was dominated by the phylum Pseudomonadota, which reached 55%. The dominant species found in all three dadih was Lactococcus lactis, with an abundance of 53.80, 80.80, and 40.31% for dadih LM, RB, and MJ, respectively. Conclusion: Dadih MJ had the highest Simpson's value (~0.8), showing a relatively even abundance of species in the sample. Furthermore, dadih LM had a high Simpson's value (~0.75), indicating similar conditions to dadih MJ. Dadih RB had the lowest Simpson's value (~0.4), confirming that the microbiota in the sample tends to be dominated by certain species with a less even distribution. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 717–727, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l935
Copyright (c) 2025 Evy Rossi, Usman Pato, Dewi Fortuna Ayu, Sri Melia, Ade Sukma, Rahmayuni Rahmayuni, Annisa Nazifa Salman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of livestock production system on carcass and meat quality of Bouhachem Park goat kids
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of extensive and intensive production systems on the carcass traits and meat quality of northern Moroccan goat kids from Bouhachem Park, Morocco. Materials and Methods: Nine 6-month-old male goat kids were reared extensively on mountain pastures in the Chefchaouen region (Bouhachem Park) before slaughter. Body weights and linear measurements were recorded, and comprehensive analyses were conducted to evaluate the nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics of their meat. The findings were then compared with data from nine intensively reared male goat kids. Results: Extensively reared goat kids demonstrated significantly superior growth performance and carcass characteristics (p < 0.05). Their meat exhibited lower fat content (2.24/100 gm vs. 5.23/100 gm) and reduced cholesterol levels (28.87 mg/gm vs. 40.07 mg/gm) compared to meat from intensively reared goat kids. Additionally, the fatty acid profile was more favorable, characterized by a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (45.77% vs. 47.48%), a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content (16.85% vs. 8.72%), and an increased percentage of desirable fatty acids (72.84% vs. 70.52%). The semimembranosus muscle from extensively reared kids had significantly lower pH values (5.88 vs. 6.00). However, both outdoor- and indoor-raised kids showed acceptable meat color redness and shear force values. Sensory panel evaluations indicated a clear preference for extensively reared goat meat in terms of color, flavor, herbaceous aroma, and overall acceptability. Conclusion: Goat kids from Bouhachem Park pastures demonstrated promising results in growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. Their meat represents a valuable dietary option, offering high nutritional value and a superior sensory profile. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 728–739, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l936
Copyright (c) 2025 Zakaria Felloul, Sara Boukour, Yousra Zantar, Mohammed Ayadi, Abdelhay Arakrak, Mohammed Bakkali, Said Zantar, Amin Laglaoui http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impacts of diet supplemented with antioxidants (vitamin E and selenium) and condensed tannins on the growth performance, carcass, blood biochemistry, and hematological traits in growing rabbits
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of antioxidants in the diet, vitamin E (V.E.), selenium (Se), and condensed tannins (COT), on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and certain physiological parameters of weaner rabbits. Materials and Methods: In a completely randomized design experiment, 105 weaning New Zealand White rabbits were reared from August to October (31.5°C ± 2°C) and fed a basal diet ad libitum for 8 weeks. They were then randomly assigned to seven nutritional treatments. As the control group, a basic diet devoid of antioxidants was used, while the other six groups were fed diets containing 100 or 200 mg V.E./kg, 0.1 or 0.2 mg Se/kg, and 1.5 or 3.0 gm COT/kg. Results: The findings showed that dietary interventions had no discernible impact on weight gain. The control group’s feed consumption (FC) was substantially higher than other treatments. In comparison to the control, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased (p < 0.05) with 0.1 mg Se/ kg diet (23.71%), V.E. 200 mg/kg diet (20.21%), 0.2 mg Se/kg diet (20.21%), and 1.5 gm COT/kg diet (15.27%). None of the dietary supplements under investigation had a discernible impact on the rabbits’ carcass characteristics or blood serum metabolites, except alanine aminotransferase (AST) and white blood cells (WBCs). While AST was enhanced after receiving COT 1.5 or 3.0 gm, Se 0.2 mg, and V.E. 200 mg/kg diet by 37.0%, 29.6%, 29.2%, and 29.0%, respectively, WBCs were reduced after receiving V.E. 200 mg/kg, Se 0.2 mg, and COT 3.0 gm/kg diet by 56.2%, 41.4%, and 29.13%, respectively. Conclusion: During the summer, feeding rabbits extra (V.E. 200 mg, Se 0.1 and 0.2 mg, or COT 1.5 and 3.0 gm/kg diet) appeared to help with FCR and FC. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 740–750, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l937
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmoud Kamal, Ahmed K Aldhalmi, Ahmed I Elsherbeni, Islam M Youssef, Mahmoud I S Hassan, Yanfen Cheng, Garsa Alshehry, Mohamed E Abd El-Hack http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A comparative analysis of semen quality traits and sperm kinematic parameters in relation to fertility prediction in Murrah buffaloes
Objective: The study aims to identify the most reliable fertility indicators, contributing to the development of more precise and effective evaluation protocols for Murrah buffalo breeding programs. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 120 cryopreserved semen samples from four Murrah buffaloes. Each sample underwent quality evaluation, and sperm kinematics were analyzed using computer-assisted semen analysis. Analysis of variance was used to compare sperm quality between different bull IDs. Pearson's correlation was used to measure the correlation between each parameter. Result: The statistical analysis indicated that the motility of sperm from bull M001 was markedly reduced (p < 0.05) relative to bull M003. Likewise, the viability of sperm in M001 was significantly diminished (p < 0.05) compared to other bulls. The mitochondrial membrane potential in sperm from M004 was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) over that of M003. Furthermore, membrane integrity in M004 sperm showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) compared to M001. Kinematic measurements for buffalo M003 exhibited significantly greater (p < 0.05) values than those of M002. A strong inverse correlation (r = – 0.972) was identified between sperm quality and kinematic variables through statistical analysis, particularly involving linearity and DNA fragmentation, with significance confirmed at p < 0.05. Conclusion: The sperm quality of Murrah buffalo differs among the four buffaloes examined, particularly regarding sperm motility, viability, and energy potential. Among kinematic parameters, only velocity average path showed significant variation. The study also revealed a relationship between sperm with more linear movement and better DNA integrity. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 751–759, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l938
Copyright (c) 2025 Syahruddin Said, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Johana Dian Rahayu, Tulus Maulana, Muhammad Gunawan, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Purple corn cob (Zea mays L.) powder at different percentages on performance, fatty acid, nutrients profile, and lipoperoxidation in eggs from laying hens
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of purple corn cob powder (PCCP) at different percentages on performance, egg quality, egg weight loss, fatty acid profile, total solids, bromatological analysis, and lipoperoxidation in eggs from laying hens. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-eight Hy-Line Brown hens (29–35 weeks old) were divided into four treatments (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% PCCP), with eight replicates and four hens per replicate. Results: Treatments with 0.4% and 0.6% PCCP significantly increased (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio, laying percentage, and egg mass weight. Similar improvements were observed for yolk weight and Haugh units. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in shell weight, albumen weight, shell thickness, and yolk color. Treatments with 0.4% and 0.6% PCCP increased (p < 0.05) unsaturated fatty acids and decreased saturated fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels. Eggs stored for 28 days showed lower weight loss (p < 0.05) in treatments with 0.2% and 0.4% PCCP. Conclusion: PCCP inclusion in laying hens’ diets can enhance productive indices, egg quality (both external and internal), increased unsaturated fatty acids, and help preserve egg properties during storage in the egg yolk. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 760–773, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l939
Copyright (c) 2025 Milagros Nikole Flores Nizama, Connie Gallardo Vela, Oscar Reategui Arevalo, Jimny Yoel Nuñez Delgado, Virginia Rivadeneira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Campylobacter jejuni versus Campylobacter coli: Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance in red meat sold in markets in Wasit, Iraq
Objective: Campylobacters are common causative gastroenteritis pathogens in humans, and they are a leading cause of food poisoning globally. The present investigation sought to assess the occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter species recovered from cattle and sheep meat sold in markets in Wasit, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Using conventional microbiological methods, 113 samples were collected from nearby marketplaces and tested to assess the occurrence of Campylobacter. Campylobacter species were confirmed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. To determine the susceptibility to certain antimicrobial agents, a disk diffusion assay was carried out, and eight different antimicrobial drugs were tested. Results: The findings revealed that Campylobacter’s isolation rate was 10.62%, with 10.77% and 10.42% in cattle and sheep meat samples, respectively. Additionally, 75% of the bacterial isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), while 25% were confirmed as Campylobacter coli (C. coli). One hundred percent of bacterial isolates exhibited resistance to oxacillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and cloxacillin. Moreover, an abundance of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species was identified, with eight antibiotypes classified into four categories. Likewise, the bacterial isolates’ multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.5 to 0.88. Conclusion: According to the current study, cattle and sheep meat pose a potential threat to public health. Therefore, minimizing Campylobacter infection and ensuring the safe use of antibiotics requires strict monitoring, regulatory measures, and suitable treatments. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 774–783, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l940
Copyright (c) 2025 Manal Hadi Ghaffoori Kanaan, Ahmad M Tarek http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of different proportions of rumen degradable protein and non-fiber carbohydrate consisted in feed ration on in vitro rumen fermentation, digestibility, gas production kinetics and enteric methane emission
Objective: The present study aimed to determine the influence of different rumen degradable protein (RDP)/non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) proportions on ruminal fermentation characteristics, gas production kinetics, and microbial populations. Materials and Methods: An in vitro batch culture trial was conducted using different combinations of RDP/NFC proportions categorized into six dietary treatments (n = 5 per treatment, three replicative runs). Combinations of balanced RDP/NFC proportions were 60% RDP: 35% NFC (P1, 1:3.65), 60% RDP: 40% NFC (P2, 1:4.17), 65% RDP: 35% NFC (P3, 1:3.37), 65% RDP: 40% NFC (P4, 1:3.85), 55% RDP: 39% NFC (P5, 1:5.06), and 55% RDP: 41% NFC (P6, 1:5.32). Results: The present study observed that the combination of a high proportion of RDP and NFC influenced in vitro rumen fermentation, such as volatile fatty acid and NH₃ concentrations, and in vitro organic matter digestibility. However, a high RDP (65%) with a low NFC (35%) positively influenced total gas production, gas kinetics, enteric methane production, and microbial population in the rumen. Conclusion: In this study, we revealed that the ratios of RDP and NFC in animal feed have a considerable impact on rumen fermentation, microbial population, and digestibility. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 784–794, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l941
Copyright (c) 2025 Ujang Hidayat Tanuwiria, Mardiati Zain, Jasmal Ahmari Syamsu, Yunilas Yunilas, Andi Mushawwir, Yulianri Rizki Yanza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dietary effects of organic selenium and zinc combination on in vitro microbial dynamics in the rumen
Objective: This study used an in vitro approach to investigate the effects of combined organic selenium and zinc supplementation on rumen microbial communities. Materials and Methods: A completely randomized design was employed with five dietary treatments: basal diet only (CON), CON + selenium 0.30 ppm (part per million) + zinc 60 ppm (SZ-1), CON + selenium 0.45 ppm + zinc 60 ppm (SZ-2), CON + selenium 0.30 ppm + zinc 90 ppm (SZ-3), and CON + selenium 0.45 ppm + zinc 90 ppm (SZ-4). Selenium and zinc were provided in the form of organic-chelated methionine. Results: Analysis of rumen microbiota through 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed no significant differences in microbial diversity (p > 0.05); however, microbial composition was significantly affected. SZ-2, SZ-3, and SZ-4 groups exhibited an increased prevalence of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and a reduction in Firmicutes compared to CON and SZ-1 (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Patescibacteria and Euryarchaeota was also reduced in the SZ-2, SZ-3, and SZ-4 groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groups were enriched in SZ-2, SZ-3, and SZ-4, whereas Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 and Christensenellaceae R-7 group decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Combined selenium and zinc supplementation as organic trace minerals significantly modulates rumen microbial composition, enhancing the relative abundance of carbohydrate-degrading bacteria while reducing methanogen-related taxa. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 795–805, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l942
Copyright (c) 2025 Moh Sofi’ul Anam, Budi Prasetyo Widyobroto, Andriyani Astuti, Gunawan Gunawan, Ali Agus http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Non-invasive taxonomic identification of fish species by using scanning electron microscopy: A comparative study of scale microstructures among the Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Otolithes ruber
Objectives: Recent studies on teleost fish evolution compare both molecular and morphological data to evaluate the taxonomic relationships. Therefore, the objective of our current study was to assess the potential of using scale microstructures for the taxonomic identification of two fish species, i.e., Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Otolithes ruber. Materials and Methods: Eighty individuals of each carp species were collected from the Quetta fish market between August 2021 and January 2022. Then, microstructures, i.e., scale length and width, focus position, and the number of radii and ctenii of each fish scale obtained from five different fish-body regions, were examined. These measurements were used to compare the variations in scale microstructures between two fish species and may also help evaluate their potential utility in more accurate species identification and systematic classification. Results: The overall results reveal statistically significant variations (p < 0.05) between all examined scale microstructures, including the length or width of the scale, the focus position, and the number of radii or ctenii present on the fish scale, obtained from five body regions of two carp fish species. These results exhibit the potential utility of microstructure studies as a reliable approach for systematic identification. Therefore, our findings support the usage of fish scale microstructures as a valuable and non-invasive tool for taxonomic identification of any fish species. Moreover, this technique may specify the actual impact of these scale features as valuable tools for the conservation and management of endangered or threatened fish species. Conclusion: Our study provides a foundation for future systematic research and offers a satisfactory approach for non-invasive taxonomic identification. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 806–816, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l943
Copyright (c) 2025 Arfia Inayat, Zubia Masood, Quratulan Ahmed, Mourad Ben Said, Muhammad Kabir, Muhammad Yousaf, Patricio R De los Ríos-Escalante, Wajid Ali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A participatory study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of poultry farmers regarding vaccine use in the northern region of Bangladesh
Objective: The study aimed to assess poultry farmers‘ (PF) knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about the utilization of vaccines for the prevention of infectious illnesses. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was carried out involving 260 respondents in the northern area of Bangladesh. Data were collected by structured questionnaires with randomly selected participants. The analysis used descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: Most respondents were male (81.5%), aged 31–40 years (32.3%), with secondary education (27.7%), as well as vaccination training (30.8%). Although 63.1% of participants were aware of immunizations, only 41.5% recognized they prevented zoonotic infections, and 66.9% reduced antibiotic use. Remarkably, 67.7% knew about the bad effects, and 70.8% said they are vaccinating their chicken flocks. Overall, 41.5%, 48.5%, and 29.2% of the farmers demonstrated good knowledge and a positive attitude, as well as performed better practices. Multivariable analyses found that male farmers aged over 50 years with 3–5 years of broiler farming expertise and having undergone vaccination training demonstrated a higher likelihood of possessing substantial knowledge regarding vaccine utilization. Accordingly, favorable attitudes were connected with male farmers aged over 50 years and having 3–5 years of broiler farming experience. Farmers who engaged in broiler farming demonstrated a higher likelihood of exhibiting effective vaccination practices only. Conclusion: The study highlights gaps in farmers‘ KAP related to vaccine usage. It is essential to create targeted educational as well as training programs to effectively address these gaps and prevent possible poultry illnesses. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 817–831, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l944
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Sodrul Islam, Apurbo Kumar Mondal, Md Rabiul Auwul, Md Shahidul Islam, Kazi Khalid Ibne Khalil, Md Mizanur Rahman, Obaidul Islam, AKM Ziaul Haque, Jahid Hasan Tipu, Md Altafur Rahman, Md Ashraful Islam, Md Aminul Islam, Mohammad Shah Alam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sperm parameter variability in Donggala bulls: An objective-based analysis of frozen semen quality
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the properties of fresh and frozen semen from Donggala bulls at the Regional Technical Service Unit of Livestock Breeding in Sidera District, Central Sulawesi. Materials and Methods: Fresh semen from six selected Donggala bulls was collected using an artificial vagina during the same collection period and weather conditions once per week for four consecutive weeks. Subsequently, the semen was assessed for sperm quality, including volume, pH, mass movement, motility, and concentration. Frozen semen produced from the ejaculation of each bull was used for further analysis (motility, viability, membrane integrity, morphology, and sperm acrosomal status). Results: Fresh semen parameters, including volume, mass movement, sperm motility, and concentration, differed significantly (p < 0.05) among individual Donggala bulls. In contrast, analysis of frozen-thawed semen showed no significant variations among individual bulls regarding sperm motility, abnormality, or membrane integrity, except for sperm viability and acrosomal integrity. Bulls with ID No. 102 and Bull 104 had significantly lower sperm viability (p < 0.05) than Bull No. 103. There was also a significant difference (p < 0.05) in sperm acrosome integrity between bulls. The results of analysis by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) showed significant differences (p < 0.05). In the kinematic parameters of Donggala bull sperm, particularly in velocity straight line, distance straight line, beat cross frequency, and amplitude of lateral head displacement. In contrast, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) among bulls. Conclusion: All Donggala bulls showed adequate fertilization ability and good MMP. Flow cytometry and CASA integration provide a rapid and unbiased approach to sperm quality assessment. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 832–839, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l945
Copyright (c) 2025 Mardiah Mangun, Yulius Duma, Abdullah Baharun, Ristika Handarini, Syahruddin Said, Widya Pintaka Bayu Putra, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin, Berlin Pandapotan Pardede, Tulus Maulana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of predation pressure by wild canids on threatened wild ungulates in the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Pir Panjal Range of the Lesser Himalaya
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the predation pressure of wild canids on two threatened wild ungulates, the Pir Panjal markhor (Capra falconeri cashmeriensis) and the Kashmir musk deer (Moschus cupreus) in the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary (HWLS). Materials and Methods: Between August 2020 and July 2022, we surveyed trails (n = 27) to collect scat samples of three canid species in the HWLS for dietary analysis. To determine the prey species, a sample of hair was taken from each fecal sample and compared with the available reference collection and published literature. We followed the total count method to estimate ungulate availability in the sanctuary. The selectivity of threatened wild ungulates by wild canids was assessed by Jacob’s selectivity index. The biomass contribution of prey items to canid species was determined by multiplying the dry weights of prey remnants by coefficients of digestibility. Results: The analysis revealed the presence of 10 different types of dietary items in red fox scats, while golden jackal and Himalayan wolf scats contained 11 identified items each, along with unidentified material. In all canid species, animal matter contributed more than plant matter. According to this study, livestock contributed the most to the biomass consumption of the three canid species. The Himalayan wolf also showed a small proportion of wild ungulates in its diet. According to Jacob’s selectivity index, the Himalayan wolf avoided wild ungulates, probably due to the extremely small population of these ungulates in the sanctuary. Conclusion: The local wild ungulate populations in the area have been reduced to a level where the wild canids cannot opt to prey on them because the costs would outweigh the benefits. Therefore, in order to restore the population of wild ungulates, other contributing factors need to be recognized and given due attention. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 840–848, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l946
Copyright (c) 2025 Zakir Hussain Najar, Iyaz Quyoom, Riyaz Ahmad, Abdulaziz R Alqahtani, Bilal A Bhat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advancing pet care through technology: An evaluation of the LINE-based VET PROMPT notification system
Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of the VET PROMPT notification, accessed via the LINE Application Official Account (LAOA). Materials and Methods: In enhancing communication between veterinarians and pet owners. By leveraging pets online, it offers a convenient and cost-effective solution for pet owners to receive timely and pertinent veterinary information, appointment notifications, and disease prevention guidance for their pets. The research involved administering a satisfaction questionnaire to pet owners who subscribed to the LAOA–VET PROMPT group and analyzing responses using statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA. Results: Findings revealed high levels of satisfaction among users, particularly with the system’s responsiveness and the completeness and accessibility of online pet healthcare. Furthermore, the study discovered significant variations in satisfaction levels based on the type of pet owned, indicating that the specific needs and preferences of different pet owner groups uniquely influence their satisfaction with the VET PROMPT. Conclusion: Overall, the integration of automatic notifications into pet owners’ mobile devices significantly enhanced the management and care of pets through streamlined communication. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 849–860, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l947
Copyright (c) 2025 Supaporn Somrup, Anucha Sirimalaisuwan, Warangkhana Chaisowwong, Kannika Na–Lampang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward animal welfare across different beef cattle farming systems in Phayao Province, Thailand
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward animal welfare principles of beef cattle farmers using different farming systems in Phayao Province, Thailand. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire survey was conducted among farmers using extensive (n = 20), semi-intensive (n = 20), and intensive systems (n = 20). Descriptive statistics were employed to describe the demographic characteristics and KAP. Chi-square tests were performed to evaluate the relationships between farming systems and KAP variables. The multivariate influences of the farming system on the overall KAP scores were assessed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationships among the KAP components. Results: The chi-square test revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) in KAP among farming systems. Intensive farmers showed the highest levels of knowledge (100% good), positive attitudes (55%), and very good practices (80%). However, extensive farmers exhibited lower knowledge (45%), moderate attitudes (90%), and poor practices (95%). MANOVA found that KAP levels were significantly influenced by farming systems (p < 0.001). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations among the KAP components. Attitudes strongly influenced welfare practices (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), while knowledge revealed positive correlations with both attitudes (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) and welfare practices (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of specific programs, including farmer education, training, and infrastructure development, for improving animal welfare compliance across several farming systems. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 861–869, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l948
Copyright (c) 2025 Nattamaporn Kongmuang, Payungsuk Intawicha, Surinthip Sakphoowadon, Sureeporn Saengwong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Seasonal variation in wing geometry of the malaria vector Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Western Thailand
Objective: Anopheles maculatus is recognized as an important malaria vector in Thailand and other countries within the Greater Mekong Subregion. This study employed both landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics (GM) approaches to assess seasonal variation in the wing structure and wing contour of A. maculatus from malaria hotspots in western Thailand across three seasons: hot, wet, and dry. Materials and Methods: We analyzed seasonal variation in wing structure and contour using landmark-based and outline-based GM approaches, respectively, applied to the same image set of wing samples. Statistical differences in size and shape among seasonal populations were evaluated using a non-parametric analysis of variance (1,000 replicates), followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was used as the criterion for statistical significance in all analyses. Results: The size analyses revealed a significant difference in wing structure between the hot and dry seasons (p < 0.05), while no significant differences (p > 0.05) in wing contour across seasonal populations were detected. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in wing structure based on shape were detected between A. maculatus populations in the dry and hot seasons, as well as between populations in the dry and wet seasons. Wing contour analysis based on shape showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) only between the populations from the dry and wet seasons. Conclusion: These findings provide us with valuable information about the seasonal adaptation of A. maculatus, thus enhancing our understanding of vector population dynamics and potentially improving malaria surveillance strategies. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 870–880, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l949
Copyright (c) 2025 Suchada Sumruayphol, Tanawat Chaiphongpachara, Sedthapong Laojun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The extract of zedoary-turmeric protects rats’ kidneys from damage caused by cisplatin
Objective: The goal of this study was to examine how the combination of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) and Curcuma longa (turmeric) affected things on the kidneys of rats with acute kidney injury (AKI) from cisplatin by assessing the reduction of levels of cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (Caspase-3), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in renal tissue. Materials and Methods: There were five groups of rats: a normal control group, a cisplatin control group (CP), and three extract treatment groups (Ext100, Ext200, and Ext400). The CP group got cisplatin on day seven to cause AKI, while the extract group got cisplatin on day seven and the combined extract on days one through nine. On the 10th day, we looked at body weight, kidney weight, histology, and gene expression of KIM-1, TNF-α, and Caspase-3 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used SPSS (version 29.0) to do the statistical analyses. We present the data as mean ± SD or SEM and use analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test to analyze them. Results: Body weight decreased in the CP group, while it initially decreased and then increased in the extract groups, with Ext200 showing the greatest increase. Histologically, the CP group exhibited severe kidney damage, whereas the Ext200 group showed reduced damage. Gene expression of Caspase-3, KIM-1, and TNF-α was much lower in the Ext100 and Ext200 groups than in the CP group. Conclusion: Cisplatin-induced AKI caused less damage to the kidneys and less production of KIM1, TNF-α, and Caspase-3, suggesting that a 200 mg/kg combined extract of Zedoary and Turmeric could be used to prevent or lessen kidney damage. These results show that the extract could preserve the kidneys, which could lead to the creation of other treatments for those who are receiving cisplatin. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 881–889, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l950
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Reno Intan, Lisa Andriani Lienggonegoro, Frans Dany, Ariyani Noviantari, Uly Alfi Nikmah, Sukmayati Alegantina, Ratih Rinendyaputri, Ani Isnawat, Sunarno Sunarno, Indah Fajarwat, Sela Septima Mariya, Agus Setiyono, Lina Noviyanti Sutardi, Ekowati Handharyani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phenotypic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in broiler chickens and slaughterhouse workers in Algeria
Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, and multidrug resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) isolated from broiler chickens and slaughterhouse workers in Algeria to craft One Health strategies. Material and Methods: Samples were collected from poultry carcasses (n = 300) and slaughterhouse workers (n = 133). Campylobacter spp. were isolated and identified using classical phenotypic microbiological methods, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing to assess resistance patterns, including MDR profiles. Results: Campylobacter spp. were detected in 66.3% of samples, with the highest prevalence in caeca (96%) and cloacal swabs (70%), while lower rates were observed in neck skin (33%). Among slaughterhouse workers, Campylobacter was detected in 3.9% of samples from workers in semi-industrial settings and in 5.9% of hand scrapings. Campylobacter jejuni was the predominant species (29%), followed by C. coli (11.3%). High resistance rates were observed against ciprofloxacin (82.6% in C. jejuni, 58% in C. coli) and tetracycline (48% in C. jejuni). Workers’ isolates exhibited 100% resistance to ampicillin, with moderate resistance to other antibiotics. Multidrug resistance was most frequently observed in C. jejuni, particularly against ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Conclusion: These findings underscore poultry as critical reservoirs of thermotolerant Campylobacter and the urgent need for a coordinated One Health approach, which is vital to minimize the risk of bacterial transmission and Campylobacter infections, as well as to combat antibiotic resistance. This approach integrates surveillance and control measures to address the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health in Algeria. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 908–915, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l952
Copyright (c) 2025 Hakima Messaoudene, Meryem Guessoum, Nouzha Heleili, Ammar Ayachi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Protective efficacy of bivalent inactivated avian influenza subtype H9N2 and Newcastle disease vaccines commercially available in Bangladesh
Objective: Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtype H9N2 and Newcastle disease (ND) are the two major economic diseases worldwide. Continuous genetic evolution of both viruses raises concerns about potential vaccine failure under field conditions. The efficacy of commercially available bivalent inactivated vaccines in preventing ND and avian influenza subtype H9N2 in Bangladesh has not been comprehensively assessed. This study aimed to contribute crucial insights into the evaluated vaccine’s performance against local field strains and to contribute novel data to optimize poultry vaccination strategies in endemic regions. Materials and Methods: The experimental birds were divided into several groups and were vaccinated according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. Serum samples were collected at regular intervals. Antibody levels against H9N2 and ND virus (NDV) were assessed using hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests, targeting each virus individually. Following the final booster dose, vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were challenged with locally circulating NDV and H9N2 AI virus strains. Results: Vaccinated chickens developed robust antibody responses, with titers progressively increasing after each booster and peaking following the final dose. Upon challenge with circulating strains of NDV and H9N2, the immunized birds exhibited no clinical signs of disease. Moreover, no detectable viral shedding of H9N2 was observed, and only minimal NDV shedding was detected in the vaccinated groups. Conclusion: Our study revealed that all three bivalent inactivated vaccines are effective against LPAI and ND in poultry and elicit a quick and robust antibody response. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 916–928, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l953
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Riabbel Hossain, Shadia Tasnim, Most Shahana Akter, Munmun Pervin, Jahan Ara Begum, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Rokshana Parvin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of a sudden drop in ambient temperature on some phenotypic and functional properties of the camel’s immune system
Objective: There is a particular lack of studies on the immune response of camels to cold stress conditions. The present study aimed, therefore, at the ex vivo investigation of the effect of a sudden decline in ambient temperature on some phenotypic and functional immunological parameters in camels. Materials and Methods: Using flow cytometry and antibody staining, leukocyte composition, distribution of lymphocyte subsets, and the expression of some cell activation markers were analyzed in camels under normal temperatures and a few days following a sudden environmental temperature decrease. In addition, phagocytosis activity and capacity of neutrophils and monocytes incubated ex vivo with Zymosan A Bioparticles or Staphylococcus aureus were comparatively investigated before and after cold exposure of the camels. Results: Exposure of the camels to low ambient temperatures resulted in a significant increase in the total white blood cell count and the absolute counts of neutrophils and lymphocytes. On the other hand, the decrease in monocyte counts after cold exposure resulted in a decreased lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio. In addition, ex vivo analysis of phagocytosis and activation marker expression revealed reduced phagocytosis activity and capacity, as well as the downregulation of the activation markers CD44 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 on leukocytes from the camels after cold exposure. Conclusion: The current study identified a significant impact of exposure to low ambient temperatures on the distribution of leukocyte subpopulations in camel blood. In addition, ex vivo analysis of phagocytosis revealed the impaired innate antimicrobial function of phagocytes in camels under cold stress. The underlying mechanisms for the observed effects of cold stress on the camel’s immune system and their clinical significance for camel health remain to be elucidated in further studies. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 929–940, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l954
Copyright (c) 2025 Fathi Ahmed AL-Musallam, Baraa Falemban, Mayyadah Abdullah Alkuwayt, Najla K Al Abdulsalam, Hind Althagaf, Jamal Hussen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gene sequencing and in silico characterization of mannose-binding lectin in South African chicken breeds
Objective: To sequence and characterize the mannose-binding lectin gene of three South African chicken breeds, namely, Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK), Venda (VN), and Ovambo (OV), to ascertain their genetic and immunologic diversity. Materials and Methods: Total RNA was isolated from hepatic samples, quantified, and reverse-transcribed to generate cDNA. The MBL gene was amplified by PCR, confirmed by gel electrophoresis, purified, and sequenced using Sanger sequencing. Sequences were analyzed with FinchTV and submitted to GenBank. Comparative sequences were retrieved from National Centre for Biotechnology Information for multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis using MEGA. ProtParam and ExPASy were used for physicochemical analysis. Secondary structures were predicted using PDBsum, while tertiary structures were modeled with Swiss-Model, refined by GalaxyWEB, and validated by ProSA. Functional domain analysis, binding site prediction, and ligand interaction studies were also performed. Results: MBL sequences showed breed-specific differences in protein length, isoelectric points, and thermostability. PK and VN MBLs had acidic pI values (< 7), while OV displayed a higher, alkaline pI. Conserved Glu–Pro–Asn (EPN) and Trp–Asn–Asp (WND) residues, linked by calcium ions, were identified for mannose-binding. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PK breeds clustered closely with the White Leghorn (95%), OV clustered nearby PK breeds and Leghorn (82%), while VN clustered more closely with Indian Assel breeds (96%). Two conserved motifs (IPR033990 and IPR001304) were detected. Secondary and tertiary structuresrevealed predominant random coils in PK and OV, and more alpha-helices in VN. Binding site analysis identified key regions likely involved in immune modulation. Conclusion: This research reveals variation in MBL genes and their immune relevance in South African chicken breeds, offering a basis for breeding strategies. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 941–955, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l955
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Ayodeji Idowu, Takalani J Mpofu, Oliver T Zishiri, Ogun Joshua Oluwamayowa, Khathutshelo A Nephawe, Bohani Mtileni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship between oxidative stress and COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Objective: COVID-19 is a complex disease in which the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with target cells, activation of the immune system, and release of inflammatory cytokines are closely intertwined. Oxidative stress is associated with all of these events, which significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the relationship quantitatively between oxidative stress and the disease severity in hospitalized patients. Methodology: Articles measuring pro-oxidant and antioxidant markers in patients with COVID19 were retrieved through the search engines ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Two authors independently extracted data using the data extraction tool, and a third arbitrator was consulted if consensus was not reached. Data were subjected to meta-analysis using the “meta” package of R programming for forests and the trim and fill method under a random-effects model based on standardized mean differences (SMDs). We tested for heterogeneity in effect size using the I² statistic and Egger’s test to assess bias. Results: Of the 3,103 articles screened, 17 met the inclusion criteria. When comparing control vs. mild cases, control versus severe cases, and mild versus severe cases, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were significantly increased [(SMD, 2.46; CI: –0.81 to 5.73; p = 0.05), (SMD, 3.22; CI: –0.70 to 7.14; p = 0.05), and (SMD, 0.49; CI: –0.23 to 1.20; p < 0.05), respectively]. Similarly, total oxidative stress (TOS) levels were significantly increased when comparing control versus mild cases (SMD, 4.01; CI: 0.85 to 7.18; p = 0.01), control versus severe cases (SMD, 6.51; CI: –0.59 to 13.62; p = 0.07), and mild versus severe cases (SMD 3.07; CI: 01.21 to 7.36; p = 0.05). However, superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were decreased when comparing control versus mild cases (SMD, –0.60; CI: –1.31 to 0.12; p = 0.05), control versus severe cases (SMD, –1.68; CI: –4.00 to 0.64; p = 0.05), and mild versus severe cases (SMD, –0.73; CI: –1.81 to 0.36; p = 0.06). Similarly, catalase and glutathione levels were decreased when comparing control versus mild cases, control versus severe cases, and mild versus severe cases. Moreover, thiol levels were significantly decreased when comparing control versus mild cases (SMD, –1.72; CI: –2.91 to –0.53; p = 0.005), control versus severe cases (SMD, –2.83; CI: –3.97 to –1.69; p = 0.00), and mild versus severe cases (SMD, –1.19; CI: –1.83 to –0.54; p = 0.00). Conclusion: This meta–analysis revealed significantly higher levels of pro-oxidants (H₂O₂ and TOS) and lower levels of antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, and thiols) in severe cases of COVID-19 compared to controls and mild cases, indicating that oxidative stress contributes to the severity of the disease. Assessing pro-oxidant and antioxidant stress markers may help assess disease severity for effective triage of COVID-19 patients. This information will be valuable for a broader discussion on the pathogenesis of COVID-19. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 975–987, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l957
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Shah Alam, Mohammad Nazmol Hasan, Md Arman Sharif, Md Shahidul Islam, Md Mizanur Rahman, Rafee Shahrier, A B M Rubayet Bostami, Mousumi Saha, Md Sodrul Islam, K H M Nazmul Hussain Nazir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Anti-acne potential of Haematococcus pluvialis: GC–MS profiling and antibacterial activity of n–hexadecanoic acid and α–tocopherol
Objective: This study explores the bioactive compounds in Haematococcus pluvialis and their potential as anti-acne agents through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and disc diffusion assays. Materials and Methods: 3.3 gm of H. pluvialis was extracted and tested against three acne-causing pathogens: Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, under varying extract concentrations. Results: The GC–MS analysis detected several bioactive compounds in the extract, including fatty acids (e.g., n-hexadecanoic acid and linoleic acid esters), polysaccharides, vitamins, aromatic compounds, and diterpenoids. Fatty acids and vitamin compounds dominated, comprising 72.20% of the extract, with alpha-tocopherol and its derivatives as prominent components. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disc-diffusion method. The extract demonstrated notable antibacterial effects, particularly at 10 ppm, achieving inhibition zones of 18.0 ± 2.0 mm against P. acnes, 19.9 ± 1.7 mm against S. aureus, and 19.5 ± 4.7 mm against S. epidermidis. These zones of inhibition were classified as intermediate. Conclusion: The results indicate that microalgae from the Chlorophyceae class are more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. These findings emphasize the potential of bioactive compounds as anti-acne agents, suggesting they could serve as substitutes for antibiotics. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 988–1000, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l958
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Hudaidah, Muhammad Kholiqul Amiin, Diki Danar Tri Winanti, Maulid Wahid Yusup, Arief Rahman Rivaie, Syifania Hanifah Samara, Linda Ratna Sari, Gregorius Nugroho Susanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Establishment of Vero cell-adapted thermostable candidate Newcastle Disease vaccine strain
Objective: The current study aims to determine a thermostable Avian Orthoavulavirus 1 (AOaV1) or Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine candidate strain isolated from a duck and its adaptation to Vero cells. Material and Methods: From field isolates of AOaV-1 in Japan, avirulent APMV/northern pintail/ Japan/Aomori/2003 (dk-Amori/03, AOaV-1-261) was selected for its excellent thermostability, and the strain was heat treated at 56°C for 30 min during each passage into Vero cells to maintain thermostability and to adapt to Vero cells up to 20 passages, then named AOaV-1-Vero20. Growth curves were tested in Vero cells in comparison to the original AOaV-1-261. The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) test was done. The thermostability of the virus was checked at different temperatures. Serum neutralization test was done to check the induced levels of antibodies of the candidate vaccine strain in chicks. Sequencing of the HN and F genes and complete genome sequencing of the strains were done. Results: AOaV-1-Vero20 grew well on Vero cells compared to the original AOaV-1-261. The ICPI test score was 0. Minimum titer drops were found in the thermostability test. Induced, adequate levels of antibodies were measured using the serum neutralization test. Sequencing of the HN gene also revealed transmembrane domains, including 315 and 369 amino acid residues, with the same amino acids as those found in other thermostable strains. The sequence analysis results showed no significant variance in the whole genome sequences of AOaV-1-Vero20 and the original AOaV-1-261. Conclusion: In this study, AOaV-1-Vero20 was identified as a candidate vaccine strain that is thermostable, Vero cell-adapted, and has immunogenic potential. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1001–1011, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l959
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Humayun Kabir, Md Amirul Hasan, Yu Miyaoka, Makiko Yamaguchi, Chisaki Kadota, Dany Shoham, Harumi Murakami, Kazuaki Takehara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Artemisia absinthium against gastrointestinal nematodes of free-grazing goats from Ayacucho, Peru
Objective: The study assessed the anthelmintic activity of Artemisia absinthium ethanolic extract for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in goats, both in vitro using infective larvae and in vivo in naturally infected goats under free-grazing conditions in the region of Ayacucho, Peru. Materials and Methods: For the in vitro assay, a larval motility inhibition test was performed on Trichostrongylus spp. infective larvae from goats using three different dilutions: 150, 175, and 200 mg/ml of the plant extract. In vivo efficacy was evaluated through the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), which was applied to 15 naturally infected Creole goats in one community. Animals were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups and treated orally with 600 mg/kg of the plant extract. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum on days 0 (pre-treatment) and 7 and 15 post-treatment for egg count analysis. Results: In vitro results showed the highest inhibition of larval motility (81.79%) and larvicidal efficacy (82.2%) at the highest extract concentration (200 mg/ml). However, the in vivo results indicated that A. absinthium, at the concentration used, did not exhibit any significant effect on the FECRT. Conclusion: Although A. absinthium showed promising in vitro anthelmintic effects, the extract failed to demonstrate significant efficacy in vivo at the tested dose. Additionally, continuous monitoring of drugs in the region of study is strongly recommended based on the results obtained for albendazole. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1012–1018, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l960
Copyright (c) 2025 Vania Flores-Prado, David Godoy-Padilla, Milagros Limaymanta-Zavala, Juancarlos Cruz-Luis, Daniel Zárate-Rendón http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of genotypes on sperm quality and fertility of buffalo bulls
Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of genotypes on semen quality and fertility of Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and Bangladeshi indigenous buffalo bulls. Materials and Methods: Fresh semen was collected from pure Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and indigenous buffalo bulls. Sperm concentration, motility, morphology, kinematics, and dose/ejaculation were assessed by a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Fresh semen was cryopreserved, and post-thaw semen quality and fertility were evaluated. The hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) was used to evaluate plasma membrane integrity. Results: Indigenous bulls produce a lower volume of semen but exhibit higher total motility than Murrah and Nili-Ravi bulls. After cryopreservation, the post-thaw motility remains consistent, except for significant motility losses observed in Nili-Ravi bulls. Nili-Ravi bulls also showed a higher incidence of bent and coiled tails, while indigenous bulls exhibited significantly lower percentages of distal droplets than the others. Static sperm have significantly smaller head width, head elongation, and head area, and higher tail straightness than motile and progressively motile sperm. Fresh indigenous bull sperm have higher average path velocity, straight linear velocity, curvilinear velocity, and linearity than others. The Nili-Ravi bull has significantly lower HOST-positive sperm than others in fresh and post-thaw conditions. Genotypes did not exhibit any significant differences in dose/ejaculation and fertility rate. Conclusion: Indigenous bulls exhibit superior semen quality in motility, plasma membrane integrity, and post-thaw viability compared to Murrah and Nili-Ravi bulls. Additionally, the higher progressive motility and improved kinematic properties observed in indigenous bulls may have contributed to their higher fertility rates. However, no significant differences in fertility outcomes were found among the genotypes, suggesting that all three genotypes performed similarly in terms of fertility through artificial insemination (AI), at least under on-station conditions. Further research needs to be carried out to evaluate AI efficiency and fertility rate under on-farm conditions. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1019–1029, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l961
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Faizul Hossain Miraz, Gautam Kumar Deb, Sheikh Mohammad Jahangir Hossain, Shahrina Akter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of enteric methane production in dairy cows fed Acacia mearnsii
Objectives: We investigated the effect of different incorporations of Acacia mearnsii forage (AM) in maize silage or A. mearnsii tannin extract (AME) in pellets on dairy rumen CH4 . Materials and Methods: Using a completely randomized design per experiment, 24 crossbred Holstein–Friesian and Jersey dairy cows per experiment were divided into groups (n = 6 cows per experiment). Dairy cows were fed pellets with 0% (0PEL), 0.75% (0.75PEL), 1.5% (1.5PEL), or 3.0% (3PEL) of AME (Experiment 1). Furthermore, dairy cows were fed 0% (0AM), 5% (5AM), 15% (15AM), or 25% (25AM) of AM in maize silage (Experiment 2). Data sampling period (21 days) of ruminal CH4 and nitrogen (N2 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and hydrogen (H2 ) gases (% vol) was conducted after the adaptation period (14 days) for each experiment. Results: Enteric CH4 was not affected by AME inclusion, but AM inclusions affected CH4, except for CH4 (% vol per cow per day). The inclusions of 25AM decreased CH4 per nutrient intake (kg/ day), such as dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). In addition, there was a linear and quadratic AM inclusion effect on CH4 per intake of nutrients, including DM, NDF, ADF, and OM. Conclusion: Enteric CH4 was not affected by AME but was decreased by AM in dairy cows. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1030–1036, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l962
Copyright (c) 2025 Lindokuhle C Mhlongo, Ignatius V Nsahlai http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quercetin attenuates pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in chicks through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways
Objective: This study examines the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects of quercetin on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsive seizures in chicks. Materials and Methods: Sixty Ross broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups: a negative control, a positive control treated with PTZ at 80 mg/kg, a diazepam-treated group (5 mg/kg), and three quercetin-treated groups receiving 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg orally for six consecutive days, respectively. Two hours after the final dose, PTZ was administered to groups 3-6 to induce seizures. The onset of convulsions and mortality rates were recorded over a period of 3 h. Brain tissue was collected to determine biochemical parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAO-C), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results: The delay in the onset of convulsions and survival improvement were found in quercetin pretreatment, in a dose-dependent manner. The highly significant survival was found at 200 mg/ kg (p < 0.001), and moderately at 50 and 100 mg/kg (p < 0.05). MDA (p < 0.05) and TNF-α (p < 0.01) levels were significantly decreased at all doses. TAO-C levels were significantly elevated, while IL-1β levels declined at 200 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Quercetin pretreatment at 200 mg/kg showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential against PTZ-induced convulsive seizure as a preventive therapy for epilepsy management. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1037–1044, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l963
Copyright (c) 2025 Suleiman Dawood Suleiman, Jian Salam Hasan, Karwan Idrees Jarjees, Aziza Raof Haji http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Smarter ways to predict rabbit body weight across multiple breeds
Objective: Morphometric measurement is essential in the determination of breeding program zones that need to be improved. Materials and Methods: This research aims to compare the precision of morphometric measurement to linear models, such as regression analysis and machine learning methods, such as Random Forest (RF), to improve the precision of live weight estimation in animal breeding programs. A total of 228 rabbits were used in the current study, and they comprised the following breeds:39 Satin, 40 Rex, 40 New Zealand White, 29 Hyla, 40 Hycole, and 40 Reza were utilized for the study. Each rabbit was measured on body weight, head (width and length), chest circumference, body length, and hip width. Stepwise regression and linear regression analyses were conducted using the lm function in R version 4.4.1. For the RF algorithm, the caret and randomForest packages were utilized to build and evaluate the model. Results: In this study, linear regression [R-squared value of 0.82 and an Root Mean Squared error (RMSE) of 300.16] outperformed RF (R-squared value of 0.8 and an RMSE of 326.37) in predicting rabbit body weight based on morphometric measurements. The results showed that chest circumference and body length were the most influential predictors, with the largest coefficients and highest significance levels, and the IncNodePurity illustration showed head length (IncNodePurity: 19388974) emerged as an important factor in predicting body weight. Conclusion: The Linear regression model showed superior results compared to the RF model in predicting rabbit body weight based on morphometric measurements. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1045–1050, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l964
Copyright (c) 2025 Bram Brahmantiyo, Henny Nuraini, Amelia Kamila Islami, Rini Herlina Mulyono, Galih Ari Wirawan Siregar, Ferdy Saputra, Mohammad Ikhsan Shiddieqy, Nurul Azizah, Cecep Hidayat, Wawan Sulistiono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Computational modelling and sequence analysis provide new insights into the structure, function, and evolution of the pirB Gene in Photorhabdus, Xenorhabdus, and Vibrio species
Objective: To compare the structural and functional variations in the Photorhabdus insect-related B (pirB) genes of selected bacterial species such as Photorhabdus luminescens, Xenorhabdus doucetiae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Materials and Methods: The study implemented phylogenetic analysis, three-dimensional (3D) structural modelling, and functional motif analysis of the pirB gene of three bacterial genera. Inferred evolutionary relationships as well as functional and structural differences were drawn based on the generated topology of the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) Tree and genetic analysis of protein sequences, domain structures, and functional motifs. Results: Phylogenetic analysis and NJ tree topology revealed close evolutionary affinity of Photorhabdus spp. and Xenorhabdus spp. This is possibly due to their known shared ecological niche as insect pathogens and nematode symbionts. In contrast, the known shrimp pathogen, V. parahaemolyticus remarkably showed significant divergence and clustered out from the clade of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. This can be attributed to the adaptive changes in a marine environment, since V. parahaemolyticus is a known marine bacterium. The constructed 3D protein structures of pirB exhibited conserved transmembrane helices essential for membrane interaction. Species-specific adaptation was also evident in the generated pirB 3D model of V. parahaemolyticus. A unique structural element that confers resistance to environmental stresses was also observed. Analysis of functional motifs depicted evolutionary conservation in membrane interaction domains. Species-specific variations that may reflect adaptations to different host environments and pathogenic strategies were also predominant. Conclusion: The study provided valuable insights into the structure, function, and evolution of the pirB gene of three examined bacterial genera. This can be linked to evolutionary and selective pressures that led to the current pathogenicity of the pirB gene, with potential applications in public health, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and fisheries. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1051–1058, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l965
Copyright (c) 2025 Arren Christian M de Guia, Mary Rose D Uy-de Guia, Simon G Alcantara, Claro N Mingala http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on blood physiology, immune function, and organ architecture in growing stressed rabbits.
Objective: This experiment explored the plausible effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) to reduce the deterioration effects of heat stress (HS) in growing rabbits by studying blood physiology, growth, immunity, inflammation, and organ structure. Materials and Methods: Growing male rabbits (n = 160) were divided into 4 groups and fed a basal diet containing 0 (GLP0), 100 (GLP100), 250 (GLP250), and 400 (GLP400) mg of GLP/kg diet under tropical environmental conditions for 8 weeks. Growth, blood indices, redox state, immune markers, and histology of the liver and kidney were assessed. Results: The addition of GLP (100–400 mg/kg diet) significantly improved the growth indices and reduced the value of the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the GLP0 group (p < 0.05). The liver enzymes, cytochrome C and caspase-3, were significantly decreased by GLP supplementation, while it significantly improved IgG and IgM compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Adding 250 or 400 mg of GLP significantly improved antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative stress markers compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Supplementing diets with GLP up to 400 mg/kg diet had lower pro-inflammatory cytokines and greater IL-10 compared to stressed rabbits in the GLP0 group (p < 0.001). The renal and lung tissues were supported by the supplementation of GLP to the stressed rabbit diets. Conclusion: Overall, adding GLP to the diet can be recommended as an effective intervention to alleviate the adverse influences of HS. It enhances growth indices, maintains organ histology, boosts immunity, and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic biomarkers. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1059–1069, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l966
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima S Alaryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Montanide-based inactivated vaccine against duck plague virus in Bangladesh
Objective: This work aimed to develop Montanide-based inactivated duck plague (DP) vaccines from field isolates in Bangladesh and to evaluate the safety, potency, and efficacy. Materials and Methods: Suspected DP samples such as liver, spleen, trachea, and so on (N = 211) were collected from Netrokona, Mymensingh, and Kishoreganj districts. Duck plague virus (DPV) was identified through PCR and characterized by partial sequencing. Following pathogenicity tests in ducklings, the vaccine candidate virus was propagated in embryonated duck eggs and inactivated with 0.2% formalin to formulate 45% Montanide ISA 78 VG and ISA 71 VG-based vaccines. Formulated vaccines were administered following safety tests to G1 and G2, whereas G3 received 1X phosphate buffer saline. Blood samples were collected, and antibody titers were measured using an ELISA kit for up to 6 months. A challenge study was conducted to determine the potency of vaccines. Results: The prevalence rate was 65.40% (138/211) of DPV-suspected samples, where Netrokona, Mymensingh, and Kishoreganj were 67.81% (59/87), 64.61% (42/65), and 62.71% (37/59), respectively. The pathogenicity test revealed significant morbidity and mortality in ducklings. Two formulated vaccines comply with the safety criteria in ducklings. In the challenge study, both vaccinated groups (G-1, G-2) achieved 88.89% protection against the virulent DP virus, whereas the control group exhibited 93.33% mortality. The antibody titer measured by ELISA peaked at 21 days and remained till 180 days post-vaccination, which showed a 0.1% (p < 0.001) level of significance. Conclusion: After 6 months of vaccination, the Montanide ISA 78 VG-based vaccine showed slightly higher immunogenicity than ISA 71, though both were demonstrated to be safe against the DP virus. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1070–1080, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l967
Copyright (c) 2025 Layla Yasmin, Md Juwel Hossain, Towhidul Islam, Mohammad Ferdousur Rahman Khan, Marzia Rahman , Tazrin Kamal, K H M Nazmul Hussain Nazir, Md Tanvir Rahman, Rony Ahmed, Mohammad H Rahman, Md Bahanur Rahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pregnancy and lambing rates following direct transfer of vitrified embryos in field ewes of Bangladesh
Objective: Embryo vitrification facilitates multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) application in the sheep industry through the storage and transfer of genetically superior embryos. This study assessed the survival rate of vitrified embryos following direct transfer under field conditions. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five donors and 46 recipient ewes were synchronized for estrus using two injections of Cloprostenol. Superovulation was induced with 25 mg porcine follicle-stimulating hormone per donor twice daily for 4 days. Recipients were treated with 250 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin during the second injection of cloprostenol to ensure ovulation. Estrus donors were mated with rams. Embryos were collected on day 6 post-mating using a modified inguinal laparotomy and graded. Grade 1 embryos were vitrified in a medium containing tissue culture medium 199, 10% ethylene glycol, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.5M sucrose and stored in liquid nitrogen. Following thawing, embryos were directly transferred to recipientsthrough an open-pulled straw following an inguinal laparotomy. Sixteen recipients were treated with 20 µg Gonadorelin immediately after embryo transfer. Results: Onset and duration of estrus in donor and recipient ewes were 30.2 ± 0.8, 27.9 ± 0.6, and 33.7 ± 0.4, 27.50 ± 0.42 h, respectively. Corpora lutea number and recovered embryos/donor were 8.47 ± 0.68 and 6.93 ± 0.57, respectively. 85.7% of donors responded to superovulation treatment, and the embryo recovery rate was 82.5%. Grade 1 embryos per donor (5.5 ± 0.8) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than all other grades. Pregnancy rates in recipients treated with Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and without GnRH treatment were 62.5% and 56.6%, respectively. The respective lambing rates were 80% and 76.5%. Conclusion: These findings indicate the potential on-farm application of direct transfer of vitrified embryos in facilitating a MOET program for genetic improvement of sheep in Bangladesh. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 1081–1086, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l968
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Monirul Islam, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Talukder, Nazmun Naher, Pankaj Kumar Jha, Mohammad Musharraf Uddin Bhuiyan, Farida Yeasmin Bari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A comprehensive review of summer mortality syndrome in fish: Causes, climate impact, and mitigation strategies
Global warming poses a significant threat to aquatic animals, particularly fish production, because of the rising summer temperatures, leading to issues such as summer mortality syndrome. This issue could impact fish farms, leading to 30%–100% mortality rates and significant financial losses. This study aims to identify the underlying causes of summer mortality syndrome in fish and to evaluate modern mitigation strategies to protect aquaculture systems effectively. Mortality rates of stocked fish ranged between 30% and 70%, with some instances reaching 100%. The reasons behind summer mortality syndrome are complex and multifactorial. Contributing factors include pathogenic agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, as well as poor management practices and unfavorable environmental conditions. Most types of bacteria that caused mortality rates in many fish species were Aeromonas spp., Flexibacter columnaris, Flavobacterium columnare, Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacteriaceae, namely Edwardsiella tarda, Yersinia spp., and Streptococcus spp. To mitigate the impact of this syndrome, several protective measures can be implemented. These include applying some nutritional inventions such as herbal additives, essential oils, natural compounds, water management, antibiotics, vaccinations, modern technology, and improved management practices. By addressing these factors comprehensively, the risk of summer mortality syndrome can be significantly reduced. This review provides further evidence regarding the effects of summer mortality syndrome in fish. The main causes of this phenomenon are pathogens and poor management. Nutritional additives and vaccinations were effective ways to mitigate these harmful effects to maintain fish production. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of these mitigation strategies and to develop guidelines for sustainable fish farming practices under changing climatic conditions. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 890–907, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l951
Copyright (c) 2025 Manal E Shafi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the dynamics of cow milk quality: A bibliometric and scoping review of dairy cattle research
This study examines the contributions of various countries to milk quality research over the past 27 years (1997–2024) using bibliometric analysis of data retrieved from the Scopus database. The study aims to highlight the efforts required by governments to enhance research in this field. The analysis employs bibliometric tools, including VOSviewer, Scimago Graphica, Bibliometrix, and Microsoft Excel, to visualize data and conduct network analysis. The findings indicate a 13% increase in the number of publications related to milk quality. China leads in the number of publications, with 1,178 documents, whereas Italy excels in journal publications, contributing 188 journals and 388 institutions, accounting for 27.80% of the global total. China also dominates research funding, with 159 institutions representing 26.63% of global funding entities. In terms of citation impact, the United States ranks first with 2,953 citations, followed by Italy, China, and Brazil. This study provides valuable insights into dairy cattle research, particularly milk quality, through bibliometric analysis and a scoping review. The findings can assist stakeholders in identifying research trends, gaps, and innovations, thereby informing strategies to enhance milk production, nutritional quality, and sustainable dairy practices. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(3): 956–974, September 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l956
Copyright (c) 2025 Randi Mulianda, Santika Anggrahini, Ahmad Sofyan, Zein Ahmad Baihaqi, Novia Qomariyah, Muhammad Ainsyar Harahap, Jhon Firison, Erna Winart, Hardi Julendra, Hendra Hardian, Andi Ella, Susana Iw Rakhmani, Ririen Indriawaty Altandjung, Harwi Kusnadi, Wulandari Wulandari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0