The official journal of Community Based Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Full text articles available.
Community Based Medical College Bangladesh
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Association of Glycemic Status and Admission Serum Troponin-I Level in Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2021, to observe glycemic status in patients of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and its association with admission serum troponin-I level. Patients were recruited from the Department of Cardiology. All physical parameters were studied and recorded in the Department of Cardiology, while the biochemical tests were done in the Department of Physiology of the same institution. A total of 70 patients having acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction participated in this study. They were grouped as control group (Group-I) i.e., normoglycemic, and study group (Group-II) i.e., hyperglycemic but non-diabetic. Patients’ general (demographic) information, personal history, physical parameters, i.e., height, weight, BMI, temperature, pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, results of biochemical tests (e.g., serum troponin-I, random plasma glucose, and HbA1c), and ECG reports were recorded. Serum troponin-I, random plasma glucose and HbA1c were measured using Time-resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay Autoanalyzer. Serum troponin-I levels during admission were found 11.65±8.38 ng/ml and 21.75±9.53 ng/ml in group I and group II respectively (p<0.001). Simultaneous plasma glucose levels (random) were estimated 5.69±0.86 mmol/L and 10.24±1.35 mmol/L respectively (p<0.001), while HbA1c were found 5.18±0.34% and 5.54±0.51% respectively (p>0.05). A positive correlation was found between serum troponin-I and random plasma glucose levels both in control and study groups (r=0.539; p<0.001). However, no correlation was observed between serum troponin-I and Hb1c in both groups (r=0.363; p>0.05). CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:4-9
Copyright (c) 2026 Farhana Naznen, Md Tariqul Islam Khan, Rubiat Naznin, Shahanaz Parveen, Md Ashraful Alam, Reaz Mahmud Huda, Akhtarun Nessa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dexamethasone Versus Lidocaine: Evaluation of Their Roles in Reduction of Sore Throat after Endotracheal Extubation Following General Anaesthesia
Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a common complaint in patients requiring general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation (ETI) for surgery. Many procedural modifications and drugs were tried to reduce such discomfort. This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, between July and December of 2024, to determine the efficacy of dexamethasone and lidocaine in reducing postoperative sore throat in patients receiving general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation. A total of 150 patients were enrolled and divided into 3 groups in this study with 50 patients in each group. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Group D (dexamethasone) received 5 mg dexamethasone and group L (lidocaine) received 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine 30 minutes before operation. However, group C (control) did not receive any study drug. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire in patient data sheet and analyzed. The incidence of POST was found 30%, 38% and 52% in dexamethasone, lidocaine and control groups respectively (p<0.05). Dexamethasone reduced the incidence of POST in the first 24 hours (OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.17–0.9). However, there was no significant difference of severity of POST at 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours (p>0.05) after extubation. To conclude, intravenous dexamethasone was found more effective than intravenous lidocaine in reducing the incidence of postoperative sore throat after endotracheal extubation following general anaesthesia. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:10-16
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Saiful Islam, Lipon Kanti Bhowmick, Md Mashfiqur Rahman Khan, Mohammad Mahabubuzzaman, Md Abdur Rahim, Md Humayun Kabir, Md Zubyeer Ali Sheikh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Alcohol Extract of Cucurbita maxima (Pumpkin) Seeds on Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Levels in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Long Evans Rats
An experimental study was done in the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2023, to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of alcohol extract of Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) seeds on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in streptozotocin induced diabetic male long Evans rats. A total of 25 rats were divided into 5 groups (i.e., 5 rats in each group): group A (non-diabetic control), group B (untreated diabetic control as diabetes induced by streptozotocin 50mg/kg body weight given intraperitonially), group C (low dose experimental group treated with pumpkin seeds 100mg/kg body weight orally), group D (high dose experimental group treated with pumpkin seeds 200mg/kg body weight orally), and group E (treated with metformin 100 mg/kg body weight orally along with laboratory diet). Group A had normal fasting blood glucose and serum ALT level, while group B had hyperglycemia with significant increase in ALT level (p<0.001). Post-treatment serum ALT levels of group C as well as group D were found lower than that of group B (p<0.001), while group E also showed significant reduction of serum ALT level compared to group B (p<0.001). This in vitro study suggests that alcohol extract of Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) seeds has hepatoprotective effect against streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:17-21
Copyright (c) 2026 Masuma Sultana, Md Safat Latif, Nargis Akter, Shamima Nasrin, Ripa Biswas, Afsana Naznin, Shahina Parvin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anthropometric Study of the Heel Breadth among 5 to 10 Years Old Bangladeshi Children
A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, to determine heel breadth among 5 to 10 years old children as well as to explore sexual dimorphism, if any. A nonrandom purposive sampling technique was adopted for sample collection. Any kind of foot deformity due to either from inherited or physical injury were excluded to construct standard measurement. A total of 109 Bangladeshi children (70 male and 39 female) hailing from different areas of Fulbaria, Trishal, Haluaghat, Phulpur and Muktagacha Upazila under Mymensingh district, aged between 5 and 10 years, were finally included in this study. Heel breadth was measured using Vernier slide calipers. Children were requested to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The mean heel breadth of right side of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male children were 3.92±.49 cm, 4.21±.44 cm, 3.87±.54 cm, 4.41±.39 cm, 4.61±.56 cm and 4.34±.61 cm respectively, while 3.86±.43 cm, 3.50±.24 cm, 4.11±.59 cm, 3.94±.56 cm, 3.27±.33 cm and 3.91±.54 cm among female children respectively. The mean heel breadth of left side of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male children were 3.92±.49 cm, 4.18±.44 cm, 3.84±.52 cm, 4.36±.39 cm, 4.54±.53 cm and 4.30±.60 cm respectively and 3.81±.41 cm, 3.50 ±.24 cm, 4.07±.59 cm, 3.88±.60 cm, 3.27±.33 cm and 3.86±.51 cm among females respectively. Comparison of heel breadth showed no significant difference between male and female (p>0.05), except in 6 and 9 years old children, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The present anthropometric study was designed to construct data of 5 to 10 years aged Bangladeshi children regarding heel breadth and an attempt has been made out to create interest among the researchers for future study. Our study findings are expected to enrich the information pool for use in research and practice in multiple disciplines, e.g., anatomy, orthopaedics, forensic medicine, plastic surgery, radiology, podiatry, archeology, anthropology and nutrition science. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P: 22-25
Copyright (c) 2026 Mst Ismatsara, Effat Zerin Epsi, Shah Md Atiqul Haque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with an increased risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compared with general population. Chronic low-grade inflammation in psoriasis plays role in the development of NAFLD. However, there is scarcity of studies reporting on the systematic evaluations of the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with psoriasis disorder. This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, from September 2019 to August 2020, to observe association between NAFLD and psoriasis. A total of 50 patients with psoriasis were selected as case group and another 50, age and sex matched participants were selected as control group according to selection criteria. Informed written consent was taken from each patient. Detail history was taken; thorough physical examination and relevant investigations were done. All information’s were recorded in a separate case record form. Most of psoriasis patients were in 36-50 years (36%) group with a mean age of 40.74±11.61 years. Male dominance was found in psoriatic patient (74%). Prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in psoriatic patient than in control (70% vs 26%; p<.05). Among the patients with NAFLD 18% had Grade I, 20% had Grade II, 10% had Grade III. Among psoriasis patient 14% had mild, 56% had moderate and 30% had severe psoriasis according to psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). While increasing PASI score, the stage of fibro scan of liver also increased. The association of PASI and steatosis grade of fatty liver stage was found significant (p<0.001). The study revealed that NAFLD was very frequent among patients having psoriasis (70%) and a statistically significant association was observed between the severity of NAFLD and psoriasis. However, further studies with lager samples are recommended. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:26-34
Copyright (c) 2026 Kaneez Fatema, ASM Julfekar Helal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fetomaternal Outcome of Twin Pregnancy: A Retrospective Study
Twin pregnancies are associated with higher risks of maternal and fetal complications compared to singleton pregnancies. Understanding fetomaternal outcomes is crucial for improving prenatal care and reducing adverse events. A retrospective study was conducted at Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, focusing on twin pregnancies managed in the hospital between January and June of 2024, to evaluate the fetomaternal outcomes of twin pregnancies. A total of 37 twin pregnancies were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected from hospital records and analyzed. Our study revealed that the mean gestational age at delivery was 35.2±2.1 weeks, with 64.9% preterm births before 37 weeks. Antenatal complications included preterm labour (43.24%), preeclampsia (24.32%), gestational diabetes (16.22%) and anaemia (18.92%). Caesarean deliveries (78.4%) were predominant. Neonatal outcomes showed 56.8% low birth weight and 10.8% perinatal mortality. Maternal complications occurred in 32.4% of cases, with postpartum haemorrhage (13.5%) being the most common. Those findings highlight the significant risks associated with twin pregnancy. We would like to emphasize the need for specialized antenatal care and delivery planning. High rates of preterm birth and perinatal complications underscore the importance of vigilant monitoring in twin pregnancy to optimize outcomes for both mothers and newborns. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:35-40
Copyright (c) 2026 Reeva Aireen Busreea, Mohsina Mahbub Mou, Farhana Yasmin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Biofilms in Chronic Surgical Wound Infections
Chronic surgical wound infections (CSWIs) remain a major clinical challenge due to biofilm formation, which contributes to antibiotic resistance and delayed healing. Despite growing recognition of biofilms in persistent infections, limited data exist on their prevalence and impact in low-resource settings. This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at 250-bedded district hospital and Sreepur Upazilla Health Complex in Magura district of Bangladesh, between July 2024 and June 2025, to evaluate the role of biofilms in CSWIs, assessing their association with wound chronicity, microbial resistance, and clinical outcomes. A total of 287 patients with CSWIs were enrolled via purposive sampling. Wound swabs were analyzed using culture, Gram staining, and microscopy to detect biofilms. Clinical and microbiological data were recorded and analyzed. Among 287 CSWI patients (mean age 52.4±12.8 years), biofilm prevalence was 78.4%, significantly higher in diabetics (84.6% vs 68.2%, p=0.003). Staphylococcus aureus (32.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.7%) dominated biofilm-positive isolates, showing 85.2% antibiotic resistance versus 41.9% in biofilm-negative cases (p<0.001). Biofilm-associated wounds required longer healing (42.6±18.3 vs 28.5±14.7 days, p<0.05) and showed 3.1-fold increased recurrence risk (p<0.05). Diabetes mellitus (OR=2.6) and poor wound care (OR=3.1) predicted biofilm formation. Biofilms were highly prevalent in CSWIs, strongly associated with antibiotic resistance and delayed healing. Diabetes mellitus and inadequate wound care emerged as key risk factors. These findings underscore the need for biofilm-targeted management strategies in surgical wound care, particularly for high-risk populations in resource-limited settings. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:41-45
Copyright (c) 2026 Abu Taher Mohammad Russell, Md Ali Azam, Ryhan Islam, Mohammad Salauddin Mia, Muhammad Moinul Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anatomical Study of the Lateral Supracondylar Spur of the Humerus in a Bangladeshi Population
The lateral supracondylar spur of the humerus bone is a rare anatomical variation. Usually its presence is asymptomatic, but it may cause a variety of symptoms like compression of nerves and arteries that affects the mobility of humans. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between July 2021 and June 2022, to observe the lateral supracondylar spur in dry humerus bone in a Bangladeshi population. A non-randomized, convenient sampling technique was adopted. We collected 100 (43 right and 57 left) fully ossified dry human humeri. In this study, only 1 spur of the humerus was found (incidence rate 1%). The spur was found in the anterolateral aspect of the right humerus, 21.24 mm above the lateral epicondyle. It was triangular and measured approximately 14.81 mm in maximum vertical diameter (base), directed upwards and medially. The maximum width of the spur was 10.13 mm, and the maximum thickness was 7.51 mm. Knowledge of such anatomic variation is essential for anatomists, anthropologists, forensic specialists and clinicians like surgeons and radiologists. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:46-49
Copyright (c) 2026 Shah Md Atiqul Haque, Tasnova Mehataz, Muntasir Ahmed, Mahfuza Akter, Tithi Rani Biswas, Sultana Razia Khanam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hypertension and Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels in Pre-eclampsia
A case-control study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January 2013 and June 2014, to see the association of hypertension and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in pre-eclampsia patients. A total of 78 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into three groups: group-I included of 26 pregnant women with mild pre-eclampsia, while group-II had 26 pregnant women with severe pre-eclampsia and group-III had 26 women with normal pregnancy. Group-I and group-II were together considered as ‘case’, while group-III was considered as ‘control’. We adopted a convenient sampling technique. For each patient, after a 10-minute of resting phase, blood pressure was measured following standard procedure. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured from patients’ serum based on latex particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay using CardioPhase® High Sensitivity CRP kit. The mean systolic BP was found 155.0±13.7 mmHg in group-I+group-II (case group) (i.e., mild and severe pre-eclampsia), while 108.46±0.8 mmHg in group III (control group). Similarly, the mean diastolic BP was found 102.31±9.7 mmHg in group-I+group-II and 68.46±7.8 mmHg in group-III. The differences were statistically significant (p=0.001). The mean CRP level was found 23.82±21.8 mg/L in group-I+group-II (case group) and 4.42±0.9 mg/L in group-III (control group). The difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). A positive significant correlation was found between systolic blood pressure and CRP level, as of Pearson's correlation coefficient r=0.439 (p=0.025) and r=0.434 (p=0.027) in mild and severe pre-eclampsia respectively. Similarly, a positive significant correlation was found between diastolic blood pressure and CRP level, as of Pearson's correlation coefficient r=0.446 (p=0.022) and r=0.440 (p=0.024) in mild and severe pre-eclampsia respectively. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:50-55
Copyright (c) 2026 Kazi Sadeka Ruma, Begum Sultana Hasina Rashed, Jannatul Ferdous, Tanvina Akhter, Farjana Maksurat, Nushrat Jahan Urmy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphometric Dimensions of the Maximum Length of Maxillary Air Sinus in Adult Bangladeshi Population
A cross-sectional, analytical type of study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2019 to June 2020, to determine the maximum length of maxillary air sinus in a Bangladeshi population. Our study samples were 90 Bangladeshi nationals who were attending the Radiology & Imaging Department of the same institution. We adopted convenient sampling method. The maximum length of the right and left maxillary air sinus were measured by the longest distance from the most anterior point of the anterior wall to the most posterior point of the posterior wall by using MB-Ruler for Windows software. The maximum length of right maxillary air sinus in male was significantly higher than that of female (p=0.014). However, no such difference was observed in the maximum length of left maxillary air sinuses between male and female (p=0.137). The maximum length of right maxillary air sinus was significantly higher than that of the left maxillary air sinus in males (p=0.001). However, no difference was observed in the maximum length between the right and the left maxillary air sinuses in females (p=0.099). CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:56-60
Copyright (c) 2026 Nusrath Mourin, Mushfika Rahman, Fahmida Mannan, Nusrat Rumman Mowtoshee, Afroza Sultana, Ferdousi Akter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Forensic Analysis of Suicidal Hanging Cases: A Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Suicide by hanging is a major public health issue worldwide. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between February 2024 and January 2025, to examine the demographic patterns, circumstantial factors, and postmortem findings of suicidal hanging cases. A total of 155 cases of suicidal hanging were purposively selected based on autopsy reports, medical records, and police inquest documents. Our data revealed a male predominance (70.3%) and the most vulnerable age group was 20-30 years (45.2%). Most victims were unmarried (58.1%), unemployed (32.9%), or daily wage laborers (25.8%). Night-time incidents (42.6%) was predominent, while most used tools was rope (63.2%). Autopsy findings showed oblique ligature marks (76.8%), thyroid fractures (64.5%), petechiae (52.3%), and tongue protrusion (38.7%) as establishing characteristic patterns in suicidal hanging. This forensic analysis identified that young, unmarried males as the highest-risk demographic for suicidal hanging in Bangladesh, along with low socioeconomic factor being one of the key determinants. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention strategies and improved mental health support for vulnerable populations. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:61-66
Copyright (c) 2026 Tamanna Hossain Simi, Sonia Naznin Sunny, Md Sarwar Zahan, Md Jahidur Rahman, Aditi Tarafder, Milton Kumar Debnath https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Incidence of Orbital Trauma in Gunshot Injuries during July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh
A significant civilian casualties due to gunshot wounds with orbital injuries, being a particularly devastating type of trauma, were incurred during the July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh. Those injuries resulted in complex ophthalmic and craniofacial damage that required specialised care. This study aims to describe the pattern of injuries, management procedures, and visual outcomes of orbital gunshot injuries treated in the National Institute of Ophthalmology & Hospital (NIOH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, a specialized, tertiary-level eye care hospital in the country. This cross-sectional study was conducted between July and December of 2024. A total of 612 patients were included in this study among total 1002 firearm trauma presentations. Detailed information about the patients' surgical interventions, visual outcomes, and imaging findings were documented. Among 1002 gunshot injury patients, 612(61.1%) had orbital involvement, predominantly unilateral (93.6%). Radiological evaluation revealed the presence of metallic foreign bodies (68.5%) and fractures (52.3%). About 82.4% of cases with orbital injuries need ocular and adnexal surgery. Approximately 64% of the procedures involved vitreoretinal surgery. Postoperatively, 73% of patients experienced some improvement in vision; however, those with bilateral injuries showed poorer outcomes, with 51.5% experiencing further vision loss. These findings highlight the severe ocular morbidity from conflict-related orbital trauma. Conclusion: Vision loss is the most frequent morbidity from orbitofacial injuries caused by gunshots. Bilateral cases tend to exhibit the most severe outcome. These findings emphasise the essential need for updated trauma strategies, protective gear, and improved eye care in conflict zones to preserve vision and reduce disability. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:67-73
Copyright (c) 2026 Monir Uddin Ahmed, Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir, Mahbub Hossain, Md Ishaque Ali, Md Nazrul Islam Chowdhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphometric Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism of Foramen Magnum in a Bangladeshi Population
At the base of skull in occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum through which the cranial cavity communites with the vertebral canal. The squamous part of the occipital bone makes up the posterior portion of foramen magnum, while the basilar part makes up the anterior portion. A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2022, to observe sexual dimorphism of foramen magnum in a Bangladeshi population. One hundred and twenty dry adult human occipital bone was collected for the measurement of the foramen magnum. We adopted convenient purposive sampling technique. However, occipital bone having fractured or if a part of occipital bone was missing or incomplete occipital bone was excluded to construct standard measurement. Measurements were done by using digital Vernier slide calipers. The length of the foramen magnum in male was greater than that of female; the difference was statistically significant (34.47±0.84mm vs. 32.83±0.96mm; p<0.001). The width of the foramen magnum was greater in male than that of female; the difference was statistically significant (29.01±1.23mm vs. 27.43±0.82mm; p<0.001). CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:74-77
Copyright (c) 2026 Rita Shaha Ritu, Abeda Sultana, Rydwana Munmun, Fatema Tasnim Al Qureshi, Rokhsana Tanjin, Samira Sultana Amee, Sabekun Nahar, Md Shuktarul Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Early Oral Feeding on Postoperative Recovery after Spinal Anesthesia
Postoperative feeding protocols following spinal anesthesia vary widely, with traditional practices often delaying oral intake due to concerns about gastrointestinal complications. However, emerging evidence suggests that early feeding may accelerate recovery without increasing adverse effects. In resource-limited settings in Bangladesh, optimizing postoperative care is crucial for reducing hospital stays and enhancing patient outcomes. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital in Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January to June of 2025, to assess the safety and efficacy of early oral feeding after spinal anesthesia by evaluating its impact on gastrointestinal tolerance, return of bowel function, and overall recovery time. Using purposive sampling, 93 adult patients undergoing spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Early oral feeding (within 2 hours postoperatively) was initiated, and outcomes— including nausea, vomiting, time to first flatus, and patient satisfaction—were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0, with descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and independent t-tests applied as appropriate. Early oral feeding was well-tolerated in 78.5% of patients (n=93), with only 12.9% experiencing mild nausea (p>0.05). Time to first flatus was significantly shorter (8.2±2.1 hours vs. 12.6±3.4 hours; p<0.001) compared to historical data. Patient satisfaction scores were higher in early-fed patients (85.2% vs. 62.1%; p<0.01), with no cases of aspiration or severe vomiting. Hospital stay was reduced by 8.4 hours (p<0.05). Early oral feeding post-spinal anesthesia is safe and enhances recovery, demonstrating faster gastrointestinal return (8.2 hours), higher patient satisfaction (85.2%), and reduced hospitalization without increasing complications. Our findings support implementing early feeding protocols in clinical practice to optimize postoperative outcomes. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:78-83
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Rajibul Hasan, Tahmina Sharmin, Tofayel Uddin Ahmed, Rashna Sharmin, Tasnova Mehataz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Attributes and Socio-demographic Profile of the Victims of Suicidal Death
Suicide remains a pressing public health concern, with psychological and socio-demographic factors playing a critical role in its occurrence. In Bangladesh, where mental health resources are limited, understanding the profiles of completed suicide victims is essential for targeted prevention strategies. Despite increasing suicide rates, comprehensive local data on victim characteristics remain scarce. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2023 to June 2024, to analyze the psychological attributes and socio-demographic profiles of completed suicide victims in Dhaka. Using purposive sampling, 137 completed suicide cases were analyzed based on autopsy reports, medical records, and family interviews. Our study that young adults aged 20-35 years accounted for 45% of cases, with males (58%) outnumbering females. Unmarried individuals (52%), the unemployed (35%), and low-income groups (60%) showed highest vulnerability. Psychological autopsies identified depression (40%), family conflicts (30%), and financial stress (25%) as predominant triggers. Hanging (50%) and pesticide poisoning (30%) emerged as the most frequent methods, reflecting the means of accessibility. A significant seasonal pattern (p=0.021) showed peak incidence during monsoon months (40%). This study identified that young, economically disadvantaged males with mental health concerns as Bangladesh's highest-risk suicide group. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention strategies combining mental healthcare, poverty alleviation, and means restriction to address this growing public health crisis. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:84-88
Copyright (c) 2026 Sonia Naznin Sunny, Tamanna Hossain Simi, S M Mainul Hassan, Md Sarwar Zahan, Md Jahidur Rahman, Aditi Tarafder, Milton Kumar Debnath https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical Study on Management and Outcome of Perforated Appendicitis in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh
Perforated appendicitis remains a significant surgical emergency in developing countries. Understanding its clinical profile and outcomes is crucial for improving management in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between October 2013 and March 2014, to analyze the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of perforated appendicitis in a tertiary hospital. Our study included 100 intraoperatively confirmed perforated appendicitis cases among 759 acute appendicitis admissions. Data on demographics, clinical features, management, and outcomes were analyzed. Perforation rates were highest in children <15 years (39%) and low-income groups (32%). All patients presented with abdominal pain (74% migratory) and fever (67%), with 82% showing leukocytosis. Delayed presentation (>3 days) occurred in 85% of cases. All patients received IV antibiotics (95% metronidazole, 75% ceftriaxone), and 98% underwent appendectomy. Postoperative complications included wound infection (25%) and intra-abdominal abscess (10%). Mean hospital stay was prolonged (45% required 8-10 days of hospitalization). Delayed presentation significantly contributed to perforation rates. Despite complications, prompt surgery and antibiotics yielded favorable outcomes, underscoring the importance of early intervention strategies in resource-limited settings. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:89-95
Copyright (c) 2026 Ryhan Islam, M I M Nasim Sobhani Khondker, Abu Taher Mohammad Russell, Muhammad Moinul Islam, Md Golam Rabbani, Mohammad Salauddin Mia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Osteometric Analysis of Talar facet of Lower End of Dry Human Fibula in a Bangladeshi Population
A cross-sectional, descriptive study which was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January 2023 to December 2023, to measure talar facet of lower end of the dry human adult fibula in a Bangladeshi population. A total of 300 (right 152 and left 148) dry human fibula were selected through the purposive sampling technique. Any damaged, unossified, fractured fibula were excluded. The mean maximum lengths of talar facet of the lower end of fibula were found 19.60±2.18 mm and 19.76±1.90 mm on right and left side respectively. The mean diameter of the antero-medial border of talar facet on the right side was 18.58±2.04 mm and 18.83±2.20 mm on the left side. The mean diameter of the postero-medial border of talar facet on the right side was 18.84±2.07 mm and 19.16±2.31 mm on the left side. The mean diameter of the base of talar facet on the right side was 16.61±1.66 mm and 16.94±2.39 mm on the left side. Various osteometric measurements of the distal end of talar facet of the fibula bone are essential in considering the fixity of ankle joint in designing of prostheses for use in ankle anthroplasty and in interpretation of diagnostic analogy of the ankle joints. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:96-102
Copyright (c) 2026 Tithi Rani Biswas, Tanmoy Kar, Shah Md Atiqul Haque, Md Safat Latif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Comorbidities in Female Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disproportionately affects women, with comorbidities exacerbating complications. Understanding their prevalence and patterns is crucial for effective management, especially in resource-constrained settings like Bangladesh, where gender-specific data remain scarce. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the Department of Endocrinology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between July 2021 and June 2022, to assess the prevalence and patterns of comorbidities among female type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, focusing on their association with demographic and clinical factors. A total of 110 females diagnosed with T2DM for ≤5 years, using oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) were included. Hospitalized patients, insulin users, and type 1 diabetes patients were excluded. Data was collected via patient interviews and prescription reviews. The mean age of the patients was 51.2±8.9 years. A high prevalence of comorbidities was observed: hypertension (64.5%), dyslipidemia (52.7%), obesity (17.3%), and hypothyroidism (13.6%). Patients ≥50 years had significantly higher hypertension (72.0% vs. 45.2%, p=0.002) and dyslipidemia rates (58.7% vs. 38.1%, p=0.013). Medication adherence was suboptimal in 42.7%, primarily due to cost (44.7%). Age ≥50 years (OR=2.0), rural residence (OR=1.6), and low education (OR=2.2), all of those factors significantly predicted comorbidities (p<0.05). Metformin use was universal, with frequent prescriptions for anti-hypertensive agents (64.5%) and statins (52.7%). Female patients with type 2 DM face a high burden of comorbidities, driven by age, rural residence, and low education levels. Improved access to affordable medications, integrated mental health care, and targeted education programs are essential to reduce disparities in diabetes management. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:103-109
Copyright (c) 2026 Sultana Razia, AN Nazmus Saleheen, Rafika Afrose, Jannatul Ferdous, Taslima Sultana, Khatun E Zannat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Screening For Asymptomatic Renal Disease among School Children by Urinalysis
Early detection of asymptomatic renal disease in children is crucial for preventing long-term complications. School-based screening through urinalysis offers a practical approach for this purpose. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in Community-Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2019, to screen for asymptomatic renal disease among school children in Mymensingh, Bangladesh, using urinalysis and to determine the prevalence of urinary abnormalities. Apparently healthy children aged 6-11 years from two purposively selected schools were included. Those with a history of renal disease, acute or chronic illness, and menstruating girls were excluded. After obtaining ethical approval and informed consent, participants underwent chemical and microscopic urinalysis. Among 200 children screened (mean age 8.4±1.4 years, 54.5% male), urinary abnormalities were found in 9.5% (n=19). Proteinuria was the most common finding (5.5%), followed by pyuria (5.0%) and hematuria (3.0%). The prevalence of abnormalities increased significantly with age (p<0.05). A significant association was found with hypertension (p<0.05) and higher BMI (overweight/obese, p<0.05). No significant gender difference was observed. Presumptive diagnoses included urinary tract infection (2.0%), glomerulonephritis (1.0%), and renal stone (0.5%). A significant proportion of asymptomatic school children screened had urinary abnormalities suggestive of underlying renal disease. These findings underscore the value of routine school-based urinalysis screening programs for the early detection and management of renal disorders in children. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:110-116
Copyright (c) 2026 Shayla Shahadat, Tofayel Uddin Ahmed, Nahida Islam, Badruzzaman, Fatma Muzib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical and Radiological Outcome of Interlocking Intramedullary Nailing in Femoral Shaft Fractures: A Prospective Study
Femoral shaft fractures are common high-energy injuries, typically seen in young and active adults. Conservative treatment methods have largely been replaced by surgical fixation due to high complication rates and prolonged immobilization. Interlocking intramedullary nailing has become the gold standard for these fractures, providing axial, rotational, and angular stability while permitting early mobilization and rehabilitation. A prospective, observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between January 2022 and December 2024, to evaluate the clinical, radiological and functional outcomes of femoral shaft fractures managed with interlocking intramedullary nailing. A total of 40 patients aged between 18 and 60 years with acute, closed diaphyseal fractures of the femur were included. Exclusion criteria were pathological fractures, Grade III open fractures, paediatric patients, and polytrauma cases with unstable vitals. All patients underwent interlocking intramedullary nailing under spinal/epidural anesthesia. Follow-up was done at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Clinical and radiological union, complications, and functional outcomes were assessed. Functional evaluation was performed using Thoresen’s criteria. The mean age of the patients was 32 years, with males predominating (75%). Road traffic accidents accounted for 70% of injuries. AO classification revealed 32-A fractures as the most common (45%). Radiological union was achieved in 38 patients (95%), with a mean union time of 16.4 weeks. Complications included superficial infection (5%), limb length discrepancy >2 cm (5%), malunion (2.5%), and nonunion (5%). Functional outcome assessment showed excellent results in 70% of patients, good in 20%, fair in 5%, and poor in 5%. Interlocking intramedullary nailing is a safe, effective, and reliable procedure for femoral shaft fractures. It ensures high union rates, allows early mobilization, and yields excellent to good functional results in the majority of patients. Despite some complications, outcomes remain favorable compared to other treatment modalities, confirming its role as the gold standard for managing diaphyseal femoral fractures. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:117-120
Copyright (c) 2026 Mamunur Rashid Chowdhury, Md Anwarul Haque, Sabbir Hasan, Tanmoy Ray Uthsha, Md Mehedi Hasan Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pattern of Homicide in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh: An Autopsy-Based Study
Homicide represents a critical public health and legal challenge in Bangladesh, claiming numerous lives and reflecting underlying social tensions. A precise understanding of its patterns is crucial for informing violence prevention strategies and guiding effective policy and policing interventions. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology of Cumilla Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh, between July 2024 and June 2025, to assess the patterns of homicidal deaths based on autopsy findings. We analyzed 197 purposively selected homicide cases from autopsy procedures. Data was analyzed using MS-Excel to generate descriptive statistics on victim demographics and injury patterns. Our data revealed that young males (75.6%), particularly in 21–40 years age group (62.4%) were the most common victims. Sharp weapon injuries were the predominant cause of death (47.2%), followed by firearms (24.4%). Most incidents occurred outdoors (51.8%) during night hours (39.6%) and were motivated by interpersonal disputes (41.1%). No significant association was found between the victim's age and the cause of death (p=0.961). To conclude, young males are the primary victims of homicide, predominantly from sharp weapon injuries in interpersonal disputes. Targeted interventions, including stricter weapon regulation and community conflict resolution programs, are urgently recommended to mitigate this public health burden. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:121-126
Copyright (c) 2026 Milton Kumar Debnath, Tamanna Hossain Simi, Md Sarwar Zahan, Sonia Naznin Sunny, Aditi Tarafder, Md Jahidur Rahman, Md Khalid Ibn Hasan, Fajana Akter, Shifat Jannat Sporshow https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Timely Conversion of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Cholecystectomy is Crucial to Avoid Complications
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard for gallbladder disease, but the decision to switch to open surgery is still a critical one. The purpose of the study was to determine the conversion rate, to identify predictive risk factors and to analyze the results of the institution-wide conversion rate. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B), Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between January 2020 and December of 2022, to assess factors leading to the change from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy and analyze the impact of early change on patient safety and post-operative outcomes. Medical records of 320 patients, who had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy course for symptomatic gallbladder disease. Demographics, pre-operative findings, operative details and post-operative results were collected. Conversion from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy rate was 4.7% (n=15). Bivariate analysis revealed age at surgery (p=0.001), particularly age 50-59 years (20.8% change), gender (19.1% vs. 2.2%, p=0.002), and history of upper abdominal surgery (26.7% vs. 3.6%, p=0.008). A slight positive correlation between age (r=0.42) and gender (r=0.36) was confirmed by Pearson correlation. The main causes of change were thickened adhesions (40%) and acute inflammations (33.3%). The converted group had significantly more time to return to activity (92.5±18.3 vs. 54.2±12.5 minutes, p=0.001) and more hospital stays (5.8±1.6 vs 2.3±0.8 days, p=0.001). The patient profile for transfer from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy was clear for high-risk patients. We observed that time-oriented transformation guided by pre-operative risk factors and intra-operative challenges are key surgical judgement that reduces the risk of major complications and prioritises patient safety in favour of procedural rigour. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:127-133
Copyright (c) 2026 Suttam Kumar Biswas, Shilpi Rani Roy, Shahanaz Jahan, Netay Kumar Sharma, Subrato Sarkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Between ST-Segment Elevation in Lead aVR and Severity of Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients
Incidence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is increasing day by day. ECG is the first line method to diagnose ACS. ST-segment elevation or depression determines the presence or absence of IHD or STEMI / NSTEMI. Augmented limbs leads are used, aVR, aVF and aVL to obtain information from heart. Often lead aVR is ignored; ST-segment elevation in aVR may determine left main coronary artery stenosis (LMCAS). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, Pakistan, from June 2015 to July 2016, to determine the correlation between ST-segment elevation in lead aVR and severity of LMCA stenosis on angiography in ACS patients. A total of 60 patients with acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation in lead aVR undergoing angiography were included through non-probability, purposive sampling. The mean age was 56.13±9.56 years. There were 53(88.33%) males and 7(11.67%) females; male-female ratio was 7.57:1. There were 27(45%) patients with diabetes mellitus, 39 (65%) patients had hypertension, 5(8.3%) patients had hyperlipidemia and 25 (41.67%) were smokers. There were 31(51.7%) patients who had V1 1mm and 29(48.3%) had V1 2mm. The mean value of aVRST was 1.08±0.54 mm. LMCAS was found in 25(41.7%) cases, while 14 cases had 0.5mm aVRST, there was only one case who had LMCAS. out of 43 cases who had 1-2mm aVRST, 21 had LMCAS and among 3 cases of aVRST 2-3mm, all had significant LMCAS detected on angiography (p<0.05). There was positive relationship between aVRST and LMS (r=0.459, p=0.000). To conclude, a weak but positive relationship present between LMCAS and ST-segment elevation in lead aVR, which may help predict the severity of LMCAS on the basis of ECG instead of going directly for angiography. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:134-137
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauzia Khan, Mohammad Ali, Mohamad Ali Bhuiyan, Sudhakar Sarkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frequency and Patterns of Negative Autopsy: A Forensic Study in Bangladesh
Negative autopsy, where postmortem examination fails to determine the cause of death, remains a significant challenge in forensic pathology. In Bangladesh, limited data exist on its frequency and contributing factors, hindering improvements in death investigation protocols. Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of negative autopsies is crucial for enhancing diagnostic accuracy in resource-constrained settings. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2023 to December 2024. From 700 consecutive autopsies performed during this period, we purposively selected 130 cases (18.6%) meeting criteria for negative autopsy (inconclusive findings after complete gross, histopathological, and toxicological examinations). Data extraction included demographic characteristics, circumstantial evidence, and diagnostic test results. Among 130 cases, negative autopsies accounted for 18.5%, predominantly in males (62.3%) and adults aged 31–45 years (42.3%). Sudden unexplained death (45.4%) and suspected poisoning (32.3%) were leading circumstances. Significant associations emerged with delayed autopsy (more than 48 hours; 40.0%, p=0.012), incomplete history (45.4%, p=0.021), and lack of ancillary tests (67.7%, p=0.003). Seasonal peaks occurred in monsoon (48.5%, p=0.008). Our study reveals an 18.5% prevalence of negative autopsy, which is strongly linked to procedural delays and diagnostic limitations. Urgent implementation of 24-hour services, standardized protocols, and expanded testing capacity is needed to improve forensic accuracy in resource-constrained settings. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:138-143
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Jahidur Rahman, Tamannah Hossain Simi, Md Sarwar Zahan, Sonia Naznin Sunny, Aditi Tarafder, Milton Kumar Debnath, Md Khalid Hasan, Farzana Akhter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study on Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Hemoglobin Levels in a Healthy Adult Bangladeshi Male Population
A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from July 2014 to June 2015, to observe the relationship between cigarette smoking and hemoglobin levels in healthy adult male population. We studied on a total of 150 participants, comprising 50 non-smokers (group-I) and 100 smokers (group-IIA with 5-10 years duration of smoking and group-IIB >10 years duration of smoking). Hemoglobin concentration was measured using the cyanmethemoglobin method. A questionnaire including data was completed in all cases. The survey data were checked, coded, and analyzed. Hemoglobin levels were found increased with the duration of smoking in both study groups, i.e., group-IIA and group-IIB, as compared with the control group (nonsmokers, group-I) (p<0.001). Hemoglobin levels were also found increased in group IIB as compared to group IIA (p<0.05). Our study showed that cigarette smoking has a strong influence on hemoglobin concentration in smokers, which increases hemoglobin levels in blood. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:144-147
Copyright (c) 2026 Rubiat Naznin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characteristics and Outcomes of Abortion Cases in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Abortion remains a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where limited access to safe abortion services and post-abortion care contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Unsafe and delayed abortions continue to place a substantial burden on healthcare systems and communities. A retrospective, observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2024, to assess the demographic, clinical, and outcome profiles of abortion cases managed in the hospital. Clinical records of 100 women who underwent either medical or surgical abortion were recorded in the data sheet and analyzed. Our study revealed that most of the patients were in their mid-reproductive years, with a majority being multiparous and from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Contraceptive use was low, and delayed care-seeking was common. Incomplete abortion was the most frequent clinical type. Major complications included hemorrhage, infection, and sepsis. 4% maternal mortality was observed. Fetal outcomes revealed low birth weight in 38%, preterm birth in 35%, stillbirth 20% cases and live birth was recorded in only 7% cases. Data derived from such a community based setting can guide national strategies to improve reproductive health outcomes. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:148-154
Copyright (c) 2026 Akter Zahan, Reeva Aireen Busreea, Netay Kumer Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coexistence of Cardiovascular and Renal Disease: A Study on Burden of Cardiorenal Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) represents a complex, bidirectional interplay between cardiac and renal dysfunctions, leading to significantly increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. The epidemiological data on its prevalence and pattern in Bangladesh are scarce. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from June 2024 to July 2025, to determine the burden and characterize the profiles of patients with CRS. A purposive sample of 123 adult inpatients presenting with concomitant cardiovascular and renal disease got enrolled in the study. Data on demographics, clinical profiles, laboratory investigations, and echocardiographic findings were collected using a structured case record form. The CRS was classified into five subtypes based on established consensus definitions. The mean age was 62.4±10.7 years with male predominance (64.2%). Hypertension (88.6%) and diabetes mellitus (72.4%) were the most common comorbidities. Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome (41.5%) was most prevalent. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction was common (58.5%). Anemia (78.0%) and hyperuricemia (65.0%) were frequent complications. In-hospital mortality was 12.2%, significantly associated with higher creatinine, lower eGFR, and elevated NT-proBNP levels (p<0.05). This study confirms a high burden of cardiorenal syndrome strongly linked to hypertension and diabetes, with significant complications and mortality. Integrated, multidisciplinary management strategies are crucial for improving outcomes in this high-risk population. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:155-161
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmud Javed Hasan, Amdadul Haque, Nitai Chandra Ray, Al Muksit Mohammad Taufiquer Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anxiety Disorders in Major Depressive Disorder Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Anxiety disorders frequently co-occur with major depressive disorder (MDD), potentially complicating clinical presentation and treatment outcomes. Anxiety disorders can exacerbate symptoms and impact the overall quality of life, necessitating comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between January and June of 2021, to evaluate the prevalence, features, and severity of anxiety disorders in patients with major depressive disorder. A total of 77 patients with major depressive disorder attending the outpatient department (OPD) of the hospital were enrolled in this study through convenient purposive sampling technique. The severity of anxiety was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Demographic and clinical data was recorded and analyzed. The HAM-A scale indicated that 29.9% of participants had mild anxiety (score ≤17), while 44.2% had mild to moderate anxiety levels (score 18-24). Those who experienced moderate to severe anxiety (score 25-30) comprised 20.8% and 5.2% experienced severe anxiety (score >30). In 46.8% of participants, the anxiety types were identified. Approximately 24.7% were diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, while obsessive-compulsive disorder was found in 7.8%, and panic disorder in 5.2% of the cases. Almost half of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) may also experience mild to moderate anxiety disorders. Generalized anxiety disorder is the most prevalent, potentially affecting about one-fourth of MDD cases. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:162-167
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Asraful Siddike Pathan, Muhammad Kabir Hasan Parvez, Dil Mohammad Sazzadul Kabir Sabuz, Sultan Ahmed, Al Muksit Mohammad Taufiqur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frequency of Pulmonary Hypertension among Twice Weekly Maintenance Haemodialysis Patients: A Single Centre Study
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a recognized complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in end-stage renal disease, with prevalence estimates ranging from 30% to 50%. It is an independent predictor of increased mortality in this patient population. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the National Institute of Kidney Diseases & Urology (NIKDU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from December 2022 to March 2023, to determine the frequency of pulmonary hypertension among patients on a twice-weekly maintenance hemodialysis regimen. We adopted convenient purposive sampling technique. A total of 81 hemodialysis patients were enrolled. Data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire including patients’ history, clinical examination, laboratory findings, and other medical records review. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension was 25(30.9%). No significant association was observed between pulmonary hypertension and duration of hemodialysis (29.8±24.3 months) or ultrafiltration volume (2.80±0.53 L). Cardiac abnormalities were prevalent, including regional wall motion abnormalities in 45.7% of patients. Pulmonary hypertension was highly prevalent in patients having twice-weekly hemodialysis and is significantly associated cardiac morbidity. Its development appears independent of dialysis vintage or ultrafiltration volume. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:168-173
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Zayeed Ahsan, Mariam Mobasshera, K U M Shamsun Nahar, Mahmud Javed Hasan, Sorowar Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation among Symptomatic Presentation, Ultrasound Imaging, and Surgical Findings in Ovarian Neoplasms
There is a wide range of gynecological disorders with ovarian neoplasms that are clinically heterogeneous and have an obscure presentation, making early diagnosis difficult. The association of the clinical presentation with ultrasonographic findings and intraoperative findings are critical determinants in planning surgical management. A prospective, observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between June and December of 2024, to observe correlation among symptomatic presentation, ultrasound imaging, and surgical findings in ovarian neoplasms. Our study included 60 patients with ovarian neoplasms. Sociodemographic, clinical, menstrual and reproductive characteristics, use of contraceptives, ultrasound findings and results from laparotomy were recorded. 30% of the patients were young adults 31-40 years and 50% were in middle class social economic status. The presenting symptoms in the present study were predominantly abdominal mass (75%). 78.3% of ovarian tumors were found benign histopathogically, while 21.7% were malignant. Patients’ symptoms had no association with USG findings (p>0.05), while ultrasonographic findings were in high agreement with laparotomy features (kappa=0.82, p<0.001). A significant association was found between patients’ age and malignancy, as 80% of malignant tumors occurring in women >40 years (p=0.01). The diagnostic performance of ultrasound in differentiating benign from malignant tumors demonstrated 76.9% sensitivity, 95.7% specificity, PPV of 83.3%, and NPV of 93.8%, with overall diagnostic accuracy of 91.7%. Integration of clinical, radiological and surgical features improves the diagnostic accuracy and influences the appropriate treatment for ovarian neoplasia. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:174-182
Copyright (c) 2026 Marzia Akanda, Mukthadira, Md Rabeul Karim, Reeva Aireen Busreea, Ferdousi Begum, Mohosina Siddika, Shila Sen, Tayeeba Tanjin Mirza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Hospital Based Study in Bangladesh
A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2024, to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A purposive sample of 113 adult patients having CKD (Stages 3-5) was enrolled in this study. Data on socio-demographics, clinical history, and biochemical parameters were collected. Cardiovascular disease was defined and assessed based on clinical history, ECG findings, and echocardiographic evidence. The overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease was 78.8%. Left ventricular hypertrophy was the most common manifestation (64.6%), followed by congestive heart failure (42.5%) and ischemic heart disease (31.9%). A significant association was found between advancing CKD stage and CVD prevalence (p<0.001). Patients with CVD exhibited significantly lower hemoglobin and ejection fraction, and higher serum creatinine, urea, and potassium levels (p<0.001), highlighting a profound cardiorenal interplay. Our study reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients, dominated by left ventricular hypertrophy. Integrated cardiorenal care and aggressive management of risk factors from early CKD stages are imperative to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:183-188
Copyright (c) 2026 Amdadul Haque, Mahmud Javed Hasan, Mehedee Hasan, Parvez Rahman Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Anaesthesia in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Multicenter Study in Bangladesh
Management of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is inherently multidisciplinary. Anaesthesia, with its core principles of physiology, pharmacology, and advanced procedural skills, plays a pivotal role in this setting. A multicenter prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in six hospitals in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh, from July 2024 to September 2025, to assess the role and impact of anaesthesia in the management of critically ill patients in the ICU. A purposive sample of 297 critically ill patients receiving anaesthesia-led interventions got enrolled in this study. Data was collected on the types of anaesthetic techniques and agents used, their indications, and associated clinical outcomes. Endotracheal intubation (64.3%) was the most frequent anaesthesia-led intervention, followed by central venous access (48.1%). The overall procedural success rate was high (92.3%), though transient hypotension (9.4%) was the most common complication. Seniority and experience of the specialists was significantly associated with success (consultant 98.5% vs. registrar 87.3%, p<0.001). Patients’ age >60 years and the use of propofol were significantly associated with complications (p<0.05). Anaesthesia is pivotal in ICU management, excelling in airway and procedural care with high success. Formal integration of anesthesiologists into ICU teams and specialized training are essential to optimize patient safety and outcomes in resource-limited settings. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:189-194
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ali Siddiqui, Md Harun Ur Rashid, Lipon Kanti Bhowmik, Faysal Arefin, Shihan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Family Planning Awareness among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Rural Bangladesh
Family planning programmes in Bangladesh have been successfully operating for decades; we achieved a phenomenal reduction in our fertility rates. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at Chandragram Village under Bajitpur Upazila of Kishoreganj District in Bangladesh, between January and December of 2023, to assess the awareness regarding family planning services among rural women. A total of 125 rural married women included in this study. Our sampling technique was convenience of non-probability type. The study revealed that the majority 52(54.4%) belonged to the 28–37 years age group. Most of them 51(40.8%) were married for >5 years. The majority 96(71%) had planned to use contraceptive in near future. Most of them 105(84%) were aware of social, economic and health problems of having more than two children. Regarding knowledge about family planning, 110(88%) had proper knowledge, while 89(74%) used different contraceptive methods. The majority 92(73.6%) were aware of failure of different contraceptive methods. 83(66.4%) had proper knowledge of importance regarding breast feeding in family planning. Most of them 94(75.2%) were satisfied with the family planning services. The majority 102(81.6%) told that government agencies have the responsibilities to make them more aware about family planning. This study presented a comprehensive overview of the awareness of family planning among the women of reproductive age group in rural Bangladesh. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:195-199
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Humayun Kabir, Nilufar Asgar, Md Ahsanul Kabir, Mahmuda Ansari, Khan Nasrin Jahan, Salequr Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Paracetamol Dosing Accuracy among Caregivers in Under-5 Children
Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used antipyretics and analgesics for febrile children worldwide. Inaccurate dosing by caregivers, particularly for under-5 children who require weight-based calculation, poses a significant risk of toxicity or therapeutic failure. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2023, to assess the accuracy of paracetamol dosing by caregivers for their under-5 children. A total of 113 caregivers administering liquid paracetamol to their under-5 children were enrolled in this study. Data was collected through structured interviews and direct observation of the dosing process using the caregivers' own measuring devices. Dosing accuracy was determined by comparing the intended dose with the weight-based recommended dose (15 mg/kg). Among those 113 caregivers, the prevalence of dosing inaccuracy was 68.1%, with under-dosing (52.2%) being more common than over-dosing (15.9%). Dosing accuracy was significantly associated with the measuring device used (p<0.001), with standard syringes demonstrating the highest accuracy (72.7%). Caregiver education level and the complexity of dosage instructions were also significantly associated with dosing errors (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). This study reveals a high prevalence of paracetamol dosing inaccuracy, primarily underdosing, among caregivers. Urgent public health interventions, including providing standardized syringes and simplifying dosing instructions, are essential to ensure medication safety and efficacy for young children. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:200-204
Copyright (c) 2026 Shamima Sattar, ASM Ruhul Quddus, Nayeema Roshni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Deliberate Self-Harm: A Study of Frequency and Suicidal Intent at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital
Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a significant public health concern, often associated with psychiatric disorders and varying degrees of suicidal intent. Understanding the psychiatric profiles and suicidal intent among DSH patients can aid in early intervention and prevention strategies. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of psychiatric disorders, deliberate self-harm and suicidal intent among admitted patients in the Department of Psychiatry, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from May 2024 to April 2025. The study involved 132 patients who were purposively selected. Data were collected through structured interviews and clinical evaluations using standardized tools. Psychiatric diagnoses were made following ICD-10 criteria, and suicidal intent was assessed using the Beck Suicidal Intent Scale (SIS). Among 132 patients, depressive disorders (42.4%) were most prevalent, followed by substance use (23.5%) and anxiety disorders (15.9%). High suicidal intent was found in 38.6% cases, moderate in 45.5%, and low in 15.9%. Females showed higher depression rates (p=0.003), while males had more substance use disorders (p=0.012). Pesticide poisoning (62.1%) correlated with high intent (p=0.004). Age and socioeconomic status significantly influenced psychiatric profiles (p<0.05). Psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and substance use, are strongly associated with DSH in Bangladesh, with distinct patterns of suicidal intent. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated mental health services and targeted prevention strategies for high-risk groups in clinical and community settings. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:205-210
Copyright (c) 2026 Al Muksit Mohammad Taufiquer Rahman, Mst Wahida Pervin, Md Aminul Islam, Mohammad Asraful Siddike Pathan, Md Jahidur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Outcome of Rubber Band Seton in the Treatment of Anal Fistula
Anal fistulas pose significant therapeutic challenges, particularly high trans-sphincteric variants where recurrence and incontinence risks complicate management. Conventional seton techniques, while effective, often require multiple adjustments. The rubber band seton offers potential advantages through gradual, controlled cutting action, potentially reducing morbidity while maintaining therapeutic efficacy, warranting detailed clinical evaluation. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from October 2012 to March 2013, to assess the outcomes of rubber band seton in the treatment of anal fistula. A total of 50 patients with high trans-sphincteric anal fistulas were included in this study. The rubber band seton was inserted through the fistula tract as a single strand and secured with 4-5 tight knots. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, treatment outcomes, and postoperative complications were systematically recorded. Among 50 patients, the median age was 40 years; 82% were males. High trans-sphincteric fistulas were observed (30% anterior, 70% posterior). Postoperative complications were minimal (4% urinary retention), with all patients discharged within 24 hours without narcotics. Cutting time was 1-3 months, with 10% experiencing premature loosening that healed spontaneously. Complete healing rates reached 46% at 1 month and 100% by 3 months, with 4% recurrence and 16% developing transient mild incontinence. Preliminary results suggest rubber band setons effectively treat high anal fistulas while preserving continence through gradual sphincter cutting. This method eliminates postoperative adjustments required with conventional setons, offering a promising alternative. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:211-215
Copyright (c) 2026 Shah Adiluzzaman Md Tareq, Mohammad Monjur Morshed Hossain, Md Shafiqul Islam, Mahabuba Sarkar Bably https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Patterns and Risk Factors of Substance Abuse among Female Students in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Substance abuse among female students in Dhaka city is an escalating public health crisis, severely impacting mental health, academic outcomes, and overall well-being. Despite its growing prevalence, there is a critical research gap concerning the patterns and risk factors specific to this demographic within Bangladesh's unique socio-cultural context. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 115 female students admitted in different rehabilitation centers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, between September 2023 and February 2025, to investigate the patterns, predominant risk factors, and consequential impacts of substance abuse. Data was collected via structured interviews using standardized questionnaires. The mean age of participants was 21.88±2.39 years. The most frequently abused substances were amphetamines (69.57%), followed by cannabis (65.22%) and sedatives (63.48%). Academic performance was severely affected, with high rates of declining grades (65.22%), class absenteeism (60.87%), and academic year repetition (42.61%). Prevalent adverse effects included insomnia (79.13%), restlessness (79.13%), euphoria (63.48%), and hostility (61.74%). Depression was a significant risk factor (58.26%; p<0.0001), alongside peer pressure and easy drug accessibility, primarily from the black market (86.09%). This study revealed alarming patterns of polysubstance abuse with devastating academic and health consequences among female students. The findings underscore an urgent need for gender-sensitive public health strategies, enhanced mental health support, and stricter regulatory measures to curb drug availability and address this growing epidemic. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P: 216-223
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajana Akter, Md Jahidur Rahman, Milton Kumar Debnath, Aditi Tarafder, Md Khalid Ibn Hasan, Md Sarwar Zahan, Shifat Jannat Sporshow https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Undergraduate Medical Students on Medico-Legal Autopsies
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from September 2023 to February 2025, to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of undergraduate medical students regarding medico-legal autopsies, exploring the impact of forensic medicine education on their understanding and appreciation of autopsies in future medical practices. A total of 105 students from third to fifth year of the MBBS program were selected through convenient sampling. Before data collection consent was taken and confidentiality was strictly maintained. Data was collected through a semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. The mean age of participants was 22.26±1.12 years, with most in the 21–22 years age group (68.6%). Gender distribution was nearly balanced (51.4% male and 48.6% female). A significant portion of respondents (73.3%) demonstrated knowledge of the purpose of autopsies, while 88.6% recognized the necessity of postmortem examinations in all unnatural deaths (P<0.001). 73.3% students know the aims of autopsy which is to determination of cause and circumstance of death. 35.2% students think that autopsy is indicated in suicidal death. 84.8% of students have an idea about the laboratory for chemical analysis but they have (69.5%) wrong idea about the preservatives of viscera which they think is formalin. 63.8% of students have knowledge that stomach, liver and kidney are preserved for chemical analysis (P<0.001). 79% of students recognize that an inquest report is necessary before conductive medico-legal autopsy. 78.1% know the classification of postmortem and they (67.6%) also know that virtual autopsy new form of postmortem examination. Comfort with autopsy exposure was reported by 75.2% of students, 97% students do not think autopsy as a harassment to the victim’s family and 78% endorsed the inclusion of autopsies in the curriculum. 67.6% strongly agreed that autopsy helped in improving students anatomy. However, 80% expressed dissatisfaction with the limited number of autopsies observed (P<0.001). Overall, undergraduate medical students exhibit positive attitudes and awareness towards medico-legal autopsies; however, some gaps in practical exposure/training and emotional preparedness were identified by them. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:224- 232
Copyright (c) 2026 Aditi Tarafder, Md Sarwar Zahan, Md Khalid Ibn Hasan, Sonia Naznin Sunny, Tamanna Hossain Simi, Milon Roy, Shifat Jannat Sporshow, Md Jahidur Rahman, Fajana Akter, Milton Kumar Debnath, Mohammad Tipu Sultan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility as a Predictor of Mortality in Patients Admitted with Severe Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Severe acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) has a high mortality risk. Reliable, early prognostic tools are crucial. The predictive value of inferior vena cava (IVC) collapsibility, a non-invasive measure of volume status, for in-hospital mortality in specific populations, especially in resource-limited settings, requires further validation. Our objective was to evaluate whether bedside ultrasonographic assessment of IVC collapsibility index (IVC-CI) at admission is a significant predictor of in-hospital mortality among patients with severe ADHF. A prospective cohort study was conducted at Bangladesh Medical College Hospital from January 2024 to June 2025. Using purposive sampling, 80 consecutive patients admitted with severe ADHF were enrolled. IVC-CI was measured via transthoracic echocardiography within 24 hours of admission. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0, employing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the optimal IVC-CI cutoff and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of mortality. Among 80 enrolled patients, in-hospital mortality was 31.3% (25/80). Non-survivors had a significantly lower mean IVC-CI (28.4% ± 9.1 vs. 52.7% ± 12.3, p<0.001). An IVC-CI ≤35% was the optimal cutoff (AUC 0.91) for predicting mortality, with 84% sensitivity and 89% specificity. In multivariate analysis, IVC-CI ≤35% was a strong independent predictor of mortality (adjusted OR 15.4, 95% CI: 4.8–49.2, p<0.001). A reduced IVC collapsibility index (≤35%) at admission is a potent, independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in severe acute decompensated heart failure. Bedside IVC assessment is a valuable, non-invasive tool for early risk stratification in this high-risk population. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:233-239
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammed Akhtaruzzaman, Monir Uddin Ahamed, Mohammad Ali Arafat, Arman Ibne Haq, Mahmud Javed Hasan, Ashek Mahmud Manju, Amdadul Haque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Postgraduate Medical Residents’ Experience with English Terminology in Regional Anatomy
English is the dominant language in medical education and research, but postgraduate residents in non-English-speaking countries often face challenges in mastering technical terminology, particularly in Regional Anatomy. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2021, to explore postgraduate medical residents’ experiences with English terminology in Regional Anatomy within the Bangladeshi medical education system. Data was collected from postgraduate residents through a structured English language test and questionnaire. Most participants (98.3%) studied in Bangla-medium schools, and only 1.7% had prior English-medium education. Two-thirds (76.3%) agreed that English proficiency is essential for success in Anatomy, yet only 51.7% supported English as the sole medium of instruction. Reading was the top priority skill (78.3%), with textbooks (81.7%) as the preferred material. Histology was the most difficult subdivision due to English (45%), while Embryology was more difficult for undergraduates (32.2%). Reading difficulties were reported by 46.7%, and summarizing difficulties by 40%. Vocabulary was the most challenging aspect (35%), and residents mainly relied on teachers (65%) and online sources (46.3%) for support. Self-assessment showed reading as the strongest skill (mean 3.7±0.6), while speaking was weakest (mean 3.0±0.5). Most of them (82.4%) strongly supported English-in-Anatomy guidelines, prioritizing speaking (46.7%) and academic vocabulary (53.3%). Postgraduate residents face persistent challenges with English in Regional Anatomy, particularly in vocabulary and speaking, highlighting the need for targeted language support and discipline-specific guidelines. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:240-248
Copyright (c) 2026 Rydwana Munmun, Abeda Sultana, Syed Abu Yousuf, Nishat Anjum, Rita Shaha Ritu, Md Shuktarul Islam, Tripti Moni Saha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Abstract not available. CBMJ 2026 January: Vol. 15 No. 01. P:1-3
Copyright (c) 2026 M Karim Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance in Bangladesh: The Silent Epidemic
Bangladesh is experiencing a silent but genuinely antibiotic resistance epidemic. Since it makes many infections more difficult or impossible to treat, it is becoming a bigger hazard to public health. In this review, the present status of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh is discussed. It draws attention to the fact that germs that were formerly easily treated are now developing resistance to numerous conventional antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are significant resistant bacteria in Bangladesh. These bacteria can be found in the environment, in communities, in hospitals, and in animals. The abuse and overuse of antibiotics is one of the primary causes of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh. Antibiotics are frequently taken without a doctor's prescription. Pharmacies sell a lot of medications without a prescription. In order to accelerate animal growth and avoid sickness, farmers provide antibiotics to livestock and poultry. This contributes to the spread of resistance in people and animals. In hospitals, the issue is exacerbated by inadequate infection control, poor cleanliness, and a shortage of clean water. The absence of effective surveillance mechanisms is another significant problem. Many labs and hospitals are unable to accurately identify resistant microorganisms. Programs for antibiotic stewardship are extremely rare. There is also extremely little public knowledge on the proper usage of antibiotics. There are policies, but they are not adequately implemented. According to this review, Bangladesh's antibiotic resistance requires immediate intervention. Better legislation, enhanced monitoring, public awareness campaigns, and appropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals are all urgently needed. Connecting the health of humans, animals, and the environment requires a ‘One Health’ strategy. If nothing is done right now, antibiotic resistance will keep growing and might eventually make minor diseases fatal. To combat this silent epidemic, strong collaboration between the health sectors, stringent enforcement of policies, and ongoing research are essential. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P: 253-259
Copyright (c) 2026 Santana Rani Sarkar, Nitai Chandra Ray https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Teaching in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology: How to Integrate Interdisciplinary Approach in MBBS Curriculum
Forensic Medicine & Toxicology in MBBS curriculum tends to produce a physician who will be well informed and alerts about his/her medico-legal responsibilities and is capable of being discharging medico-legal duties in medical practice. Integrated teaching and learning aims to provide better deliverables, better understanding and more student engagement. In undergraduate medical education in Bangladesh, the term ‘integrated teaching’ has become familiar among medical teachers and students just over a decade; however, not all medical colleges have resources, expertise and practice of integrated teaching in their instructions. Transformation towards integrated teaching involving teachers of different disciplines to teach common topics in Forensic Medicine & Toxicology aims to develop creativity, critical and logical thinking, practical learning, extended retention of knowledge and research aptitude as well as ethics and professionalism among the students. Through student-centric pedagogy, our integrated teaching approach is expected to be more helpful in reducing the theoretical and practical gap in Forensic Medicine & Toxicology education under MBBS curriculum. Besides, such teaching approach will open new avenues of research in medical education including further curriculum designing and revisiting assessment procedures, which will result in a paradigm shift. In this review paper, we will discuss regarding integrated teaching in Forensic Medicine & Toxicology curriculum in undergraduate medical education focusing on how to integrate interdisciplinary approach, ‘SPICES’ teaching model and benefits as well as challenges encountered during its implementation. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:260-267
Copyright (c) 2026 Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, A M Ashraful Anam, Md Nurul Amin, Mohammad Tipu Sultan, Nasrin Akter Mili, Kursiya Sanwar, Mohammad Abu Sayeed Talukder, Thanadar Tamjeeda Tapu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biliary Atresia in Neonate: A Case Report
Biliary atresia is a rare but devastating progressive cholangiopathy and is the leading cause of liver transplantation in children. The key to a better prognosis and the success of the Kasai portoenterostomy (HPE) procedure is early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention ideally before 60 days of life. This case report aims to highlight the diagnostic process and challenges in confirming biliary atresia (BA) in a jaundice neonate. Diagnosing biliary atresia (BA) can be challenging as its early symptoms often overlap with more common benign causes of neonatal jaundice. The definitive diagnosis depends on clinical presentation, laboratory results, imaging studies (specifically the USG findings of an atrophic gallbladder or triangular cord sign) and ultimately an intraoperative cholangiogram. This case emphasizes the critical need for vigilance and a high index of suspicion in any infant with persistent conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. CBMJ 2026 January: vol. 15 no. 01 P:249- 252
Copyright (c) 2026 Mir Naz Farzana, Muktadira, Mahzabeen Islam, Netay Kumar Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0