A NEW FERN SPECIES FROM RIAU , INDONESIA

Stenochlaena riauensis, a new fern species from Riau, Indonesia is described and illustrated. This species can be distinguished from its most closely related species S. palustris by the position of fertile and sterile pinnae. In the new species, both fertile and sterile pinnae are located on the same frond, the lower part of lamina consisted of sterile pinnae that gradually narrower towards apex forming linear fertile pinnae. Introduction Stenochlaena J. Smith belonging to the family Blechnaceae is a small genus consisting of only six species, and widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions (Holttum, 1971; Chamber, 2013; Wang et al., 2013). Most of the species of the genus have both sterile and fertile pinnae. Chamber (2013) reported that this genus is strongly dimorphic, in which fertile and sterile pinnae are located at the different fronds, with imparipinnate pinnae. Furthermore, Stenochlaena is charcterized by possessing radially symmetrical rhizome (Chamber, 2013); purplish-red to red fronds when young; sterile pinnae entire (Piggot, 1996); lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, lateral veins arising from a closely parallel series of areolae; acrotischoid sori, that densely covering the dorsal surface or the lower surface of the fertile pinnae and not arrranged in discrete lines or dots; spores with a very thin and closely appressed perispore (Chamber, 2013). During our expedition in Riau Province (Sumatera Island, Indonesia) from 2012 to 2014, we discovered that S. palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd (1876) is the the most widely distributed and abundant fern species in this province (Fig. 1). Local people consume the jouvenile leaves of this species as vegetables. Surprisingly, some specimens collected from conservation forest (Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim, Siak) and Pekanbaru, Riau showed a different type of fronds. Both fertile and sterile pinnae are located in one frond, the lower part of lamina are consisted of sterile pinnae that gradually narrower forming fertile pinnae on the tip of leaves. The other morphological characters are similar to S. palustris. Our detail observation of morphological characters of these specimens, brings us to a conclusion to a new Stenochlaena species, Stenochlaena riauensis sp. nov. Stenochlaena riauensis Sofiyanti, Iriani, Fitmawati & Roza, sp. nov. (Fig. 2). Diagnosis: Stenochlaena riauensis morphogically differs from its closest related species S. palustris (Burm. F.) Bedd by being monomorphic, and having both fertile and sterile pinnae located on one frond, the lower part of lamina consisted of sterile pinnae that gradually narrower Corresponding author. Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Riau, Kampus Bina Widya Jl. Bangkinang-Pekanbaru Km 12.5 Panam, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. Email: nery_yusuf@yahoo.com 138 SOFIYANTI et al. towards apex, forming fertile pinnae on the tip, and the acrotischoid sori with monolete and reniform (bean-shaped) spores. Types: Indonesia. Riau Province: Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim, 11 June 2012, N. Sofiyanti, Fitmawati & A.A. Roza, STR2 (Holotype: ANDA); Pekanbaru, 3 December 2014, N. Sofiyanti & Fitmawati, STRPKU1 (Paratype: ANDA). Fig. 1. Distribution map of Stenochlaena species in Riau, Indonesia. Terrestrial, scrambling. Rhizome creeping or climbing, stout, 5−8 mm in diameter, light brown, covered by brown scales, especially towards the apex. Frond up to 90 cm long, pinnate. Stypes up to 20 cm long, glabrous, greenish brown at the base, green towards laminae. Rachis glabrous, dark green, c. 4 mm in diameter, having grove along the rachis. Laminae purplish red when young, dark green at maturity, c. 60−70 cm long, 1-pinnate, consisted of 17 pinnae. Pinnae sterile at the base of laminae, gradually narrower towards the apex and form fertile pinnae. Sterile pinnae 8 per frond, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly cuneate, papery, glabrous on both surfaces, c. 11 cm long, 3 cm wide, rounded at the base, shortly stalked, blackish green, stalk c. 3 mm long, tip acute, serrate margin, veins anastomosing and forming single row of areoles along each side of costa. Fertile pinnae 9 per frond, started from the middle of laminae toward the apex, pinnae gradually reduce towards the apex of lamina, shortly stalked, form elongated fertile pinnae on the tip, usually asymetric at the base, the reduced sterile pinnae glabrous on both surfaces, c. 7 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, blackish green stalk c. 2.0−2.5 mm long, margin serrate, veins anastomosing and forming single row of areoles along each side of costa, at the fertile parts become yellowish green and narrower, linear, the top pinnae is the longest (c. 8 cm long, 2 mm wide), margin curve forming a linear groove at ventral surface. Sori cover the dorsal surface forming acrotischoid sori, brownish yellow. Spores monolete, reniform or bean-shaped. Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Riau Province of Indonesia. STENOCHLAENA RIAUENSIS SP. NOV. (BLECHNACEAE) 139 Fig. 2. Stenochlaena riauensis Sofiyanti, Iriani, Fitmawati & Roza, sp. nov. A. Mature frond; B. Alternate pinnae arrangement; C. Sterile pinna; D. Fertile Pinna; E. Dorsal surface of fertile pinnae; F. Ventral surface of fertile pinna; G. Leaf base of fertile pinnae showing symetric pinna; H. Leaf base of sterile pinnae, showing asymetric pinna; I. Serrate leaf margin; J. Spore (scale bar = 10 μm). Distribution: Stenochlaena riauensis was first found between 75 m and 150 m in conservation forest, Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim, Riau Province, Sumatera Island, Indonesia. This forest is a low land tropical forest that dominated by Dipterocarpaceae species, such as Shorea acuminata Dyer (Meranti Rambai), Shorea leprosula Miq. (Meranti pirang), Shorea parvifolia 140 SOFIYANTI et al. Dyer (Meranti Bunga), Parashorea aptera Slooten (Meranti Batu), and Dipterocarpus sp. (Kruing). This species is also recorded from Pekanbaru District, Riau. Habitat: This species commonly grows in open area or partly shaded area and mostly in streetside, at Riau Province, Indonesia. Note: In Riau Province, S. riauensis shares the same distribution area with S. palustris (Fig. 1). However, S. palustris is more abundant than the new species, and sometime is found as epiphyte on the oil palm tree (Sofiyanti, 2013) or other woody species, as well as in the open space area or partly shaded area (Sofiyanti et al., 2014). Morphologically, these two species have close similarity, especially when young. Both species have purplish red fronds when young, usually covered by scales, 1-pinnate lamina, short stalked pinnae, with broadly rounded base of fertile pinnae, usually cuneate, serrate margin of sterile pinnae, with acuminate tip. The veins of sterile pinnae are anastomosing and forming single row of areoles along each side of costa. The sori type and spore characteristic are also the same. A comparative account of S. riauensis sp. nov. with its closely related species, S. palustris, is presented in Table 1. Table 1. Comparison of diagnostic morphological characters of Stenochlaena riauensis sp. nov. with S. palustris. Characters S. riauensis S. palustris Type of frond Monomorphic Dimorphic Position of sterile pinnae At the base of laminae At the sterile frond Number of sterile pinnae 8 17−29 Position of fertile pinnae At the upper part of laminae At the fertile frond Number of fertile pinnae 9 16−28 Lower part of fertile pinnae Broader at the base, green Linear, brown Upper part of fertile pinnae Gradually narrower toward the apex forming linear structure Linear Most of Stenochlaena species usually have acrosticoid sori and lack true indusium (Chamber, 2013) with monolete spores (Holttum, 1932; Chamber, 2013). The spore investigation of six Stenochlaena species conducted by Chamber (2013), presented the similar spore shape and ornamentation. Their spores are monolete spores with a single line indicating the splitting axis of mother spore with thin perispore, as observed in other Blechnaceae genus, i.e. Blechnum L. (Mendoza-Ruiz and Perez-Garcia, 2009). These characteristics are also found in newly described S. riauensis. The genus Stenochlaena was previously reported as strongly dimorphic fern, with distant fronds (Holttum, 1932, 1971; Chamber, 2013; Wang et al., 2013). Usually, the sterile pinnae are shorter and wider than fertile pinnae. However, S. riauensis is not dimorphic fern, because the sterile and fertile pinnae are located in the same frond. Sterile pinnae are located at the base of laminae, and gradually narrower and reduced toward apex. The narrow tips are elongated forming fertile pinnae. The reduced sterile pinnae is located of the base of pinna, usually with asymetric base. This is the strong characteristic of S. riauensis to be treated as a distinct Stenochlaena species. Acknowledgements This study, led by the first author, was supported by Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PUPT) Research Grant from Directorate General of Higher Education 2015, Indonesia. The authors thank the Forestry Department of Riau Province for giving permit to conduct the research. STENOCHLAENA RIAUENSIS SP. NOV. (BLECHNACEAE) 141 They are also grateful for the support of many people during the field work, especially forestry staff from Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim, Riau. References Chamber, T.C. 2013. A review of the genus Stenochlaena (Blechnaceae, subfamily Stenochlaenoideae). Telopea 15: 13−36. Holttum, R.E. 1932. Further notes on the Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Tetophyllum. Gard. Bull. Str. Sett. 9: 139−144. Holttum, R.E. 1971. The genus Stenochlaena J. Smith with the description of new taxa. Amer. Fern J. 61: 119−123. Mendoza-Ruiz, A. and Perez-Garcia, B. 2009. Morphogenesis of the gametophytes of eight Mexican species of Blechnum (Blechnaceae). Acta Bot. Mex. 88: 59−72. Piggot, A.G. 1996. Fern of Malaysia in Colour. Tropical Press SDN. BH. Kuala Lumpur, 486 pp. Sofiyanti, N. 2


Introduction
Stenochlaena J. Smith belonging to the family Blechnaceae is a small genus consisting of only six species, and widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions (Holttum, 1971;Chamber, 2013;Wang et al., 2013).Most of the species of the genus have both sterile and fertile pinnae.Chamber (2013) reported that this genus is strongly dimorphic, in which fertile and sterile pinnae are located at the different fronds, with imparipinnate pinnae.Furthermore, Stenochlaena is charcterized by possessing radially symmetrical rhizome (Chamber, 2013); purplish-red to red fronds when young; sterile pinnae entire (Piggot, 1996); lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, lateral veins arising from a closely parallel series of areolae; acrotischoid sori, that densely covering the dorsal surface or the lower surface of the fertile pinnae and not arrranged in discrete lines or dots; spores with a very thin and closely appressed perispore (Chamber, 2013).
During our expedition in Riau Province (Sumatera Island, Indonesia) from 2012 to 2014, we discovered that S. palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd ( 1876) is the the most widely distributed and abundant fern species in this province (Fig. 1).Local people consume the jouvenile leaves of this species as vegetables.Surprisingly, some specimens collected from conservation forest (Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim, Siak) and Pekanbaru, Riau showed a different type of fronds.Both fertile and sterile pinnae are located in one frond, the lower part of lamina are consisted of sterile pinnae that gradually narrower forming fertile pinnae on the tip of leaves.The other morphological characters are similar to S. palustris.Our detail observation of morphological characters of these specimens, brings us to a conclusion to a new Stenochlaena species, Stenochlaena riauensis sp.nov.Sofiyanti, Iriani, Fitmawati & Roza, sp. nov.(Fig. 2).Diagnosis: Stenochlaena riauensis morphogically differs from its closest related species S. palustris (Burm.F.) Bedd by being monomorphic, and having both fertile and sterile pinnae located on one frond, the lower part of lamina consisted of sterile pinnae that gradually narrower towards apex, forming fertile pinnae on the tip, and the acrotischoid sori with monolete and reniform (bean-shaped) spores.Terrestrial, scrambling.Rhizome creeping or climbing, stout, 5−8 mm in diameter, light brown, covered by brown scales, especially towards the apex.Frond up to 90 cm long, pinnate.Stypes up to 20 cm long, glabrous, greenish brown at the base, green towards laminae.Rachis glabrous, dark green, c. 4 mm in diameter, having grove along the rachis.Laminae purplish red when young, dark green at maturity, c. 60−70 cm long, 1-pinnate, consisted of 17 pinnae.Pinnae sterile at the base of laminae, gradually narrower towards the apex and form fertile pinnae.Sterile pinnae 8 per frond, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly cuneate, papery, glabrous on both surfaces, c. 11 cm long, 3 cm wide, rounded at the base, shortly stalked, blackish green, stalk c. 3 mm long, tip acute, serrate margin, veins anastomosing and forming single row of areoles along each side of costa.Fertile pinnae 9 per frond, started from the middle of laminae toward the apex, pinnae gradually reduce towards the apex of lamina, shortly stalked, form elongated fertile pinnae on the tip, usually asymetric at the base, the reduced sterile pinnae glabrous on both surfaces, c. 7 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, blackish green stalk c. 2.0−2.5 mm long, margin serrate, veins anastomosing and forming single row of areoles along each side of costa, at the fertile parts become yellowish green and narrower, linear, the top pinnae is the longest (c. 8 cm long, 2 mm wide), margin curve forming a linear groove at ventral surface.Sori cover the dorsal surface forming acrotischoid sori, brownish yellow.Spores monolete, reniform or bean-shaped.
Habitat: This species commonly grows in open area or partly shaded area and mostly in streetside, at Riau Province, Indonesia.
Note: In Riau Province, S. riauensis shares the same distribution area with S. palustris (Fig. 1).However, S. palustris is more abundant than the new species, and sometime is found as epiphyte on the oil palm tree (Sofiyanti, 2013) or other woody species, as well as in the open space area or partly shaded area (Sofiyanti et al., 2014).Morphologically, these two species have close similarity, especially when young.Both species have purplish red fronds when young, usually covered by scales, 1-pinnate lamina, short stalked pinnae, with broadly rounded base of fertile pinnae, usually cuneate, serrate margin of sterile pinnae, with acuminate tip.The veins of sterile pinnae are anastomosing and forming single row of areoles along each side of costa.The sori type and spore characteristic are also the same.A comparative account of S. riauensis sp.nov.with its closely related species, S. palustris, is presented in Table 1.(Chamber, 2013) with monolete spores (Holttum, 1932;Chamber, 2013).The spore investigation of six Stenochlaena species conducted by Chamber (2013), presented the similar spore shape and ornamentation.Their spores are monolete spores with a single line indicating the splitting axis of mother spore with thin perispore, as observed in other Blechnaceae genus, i.e.Blechnum L. (Mendoza-Ruiz and Perez-Garcia, 2009).These characteristics are also found in newly described S. riauensis.The genus Stenochlaena was previously reported as strongly dimorphic fern, with distant fronds (Holttum, 1932(Holttum, , 1971;;Chamber, 2013;Wang et al., 2013).Usually, the sterile pinnae are shorter and wider than fertile pinnae.However, S. riauensis is not dimorphic fern, because the sterile and fertile pinnae are located in the same frond.Sterile pinnae are located at the base of laminae, and gradually narrower and reduced toward apex.The narrow tips are elongated forming fertile pinnae.The reduced sterile pinnae is located of the base of pinna, usually with asymetric base.This is the strong characteristic of S. riauensis to be treated as a distinct Stenochlaena species.
They are also grateful for the support of many people during the field work, especially forestry staff from Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim, Riau.

Table 1 . Comparison of diagnostic morphological characters of Stenochlaena riauensis sp. nov. with S. palustris.
LinearMost of Stenochlaena species usually have acrosticoid sori and lack true indusium