Impact of Prophylactic Fluoride Agents On the Surface Roughness of Newer orthodontic arch wires

Fluorides serve an important part in orthodontic therapy as a prophylactic strategy. However, the harmful effects of fluoride are typically disregarded due to its widespread use as an anti-cariogenic agent in a variety of dental materials. The effects of these fluoride agents on conventional arch wires have been studied extensively but not on newer wires such as coated wires or braided wires. Hence this study was undertaken to assess the effects of prophylactic fluoride agents on the surface properties of non-coated Nickel-Titanium orthodontic wires and compare it with coated esthetic Ni-Ti wires and braided Ni-Ti wire.Materials and methods : In this study, we compared three packages of 270 orthodontic arch wires made of nickel titanium. For the control, the third set of 30 wires was stored in plastic vials containing 5ml of artificial saliva for two months. Subgroup a did not make use of any fluoride treatments. Samples from subgroup b were treated with Phos-flur gel for one minute every day for 2 months, while those from subgroup c were treated with Prevident 5000. An optic profilometer was used to measure the wires roughness. Results: The investigation found that both the acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel) and neutral fluoride agent (Prevident 5000) had an effect on the surface attributes of all three sets of wires. Coated esthetic Ni-Ti wires showed highest surface roughness followed by braided Ni-Ti wire. Conclusion: The findings of the research showed that using fluoride preventive treatments (such as mouthwash or gels) during orthodontic treatment decreases the arch wires characteristics.


Introduction
Maintaining a high standard of oral hygiene before to, during and after orthodontic treatment is crucial.Fluorides are used during orthodontic treatment primarily as a preventive measure 1 .However, although fluoride is widely used in dental products as an anti-cariogenic agent, its harmful consequences are generally disregarded 2 .The effects of these fluoride agents on conventional archwires have been studied extensively 3 but not on newer wires such as coated wires or braided wires.

Correspondence:
Dr. Anandu M, Associate Professor, Department of Dentistry, PES University Of Medical (Deemed to be University), Banglore, Karnataka, Email: dranandu01@ gmail.comCell Phone:+918884322498 Fluorides serve an important part in orthodontic therapy as a prophylactic strategy.However, the harmful effects of fluoride are typically disregarded due to its widespread use as an anticariogenic agent in a variety of dental materials.The effects of these fluoride agents on conventional arch wires have been studied extensively but not on newer wires such as coated wires or braided wires.Hence this study was undertaken to assess the effects of prophylactic fluoride agents on the surface properties of non-coated Nickel-Titanium orthodontic wires and compare it with coated esthetic Ni-Ti wires and braided Ni-Ti wire.Materials and methods: In this study, we compared three packages of 270 orthodontic arch wires made of nickel titanium.For the control, the third set of 30 wires was stored in plastic vials containing 5ml of artificial saliva for two months.Subgroup a did not make use of any fluoride treatments.Samples from subgroup b were treated with Phos-flur gel for one minute every day for 2 months, while those from subgroup c were treated with Prevident 5000.An optic profilometer was used to measure the wires roughness.Results: The investigation found that both the acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel) and neutral fluoride agent (Prevident 5000) had an effect on the surface attributes of all three sets of wires.Coated esthetic Ni-Ti wires showed highest surface roughness followed by braided Ni-Ti wire.Conclusion: The findings of the research showed that using fluoride preventive treatments (such as mouthwash or gels) during orthodontic treatment decreases the arch wires characteristics.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the surface properties of uncoated Nickel-Titanium orthodontic wires to those of coated esthetic Ni-Ti wires and braided Ni-Ti wires, as well as to assess the efficiency of fluoride-based prophylactic medications

Materials and Methods
For this research, three different 0.017 x 0.025 inch prefabricated arch wires made of nickel titanium were used.The straightened part of prefabricated wire 25mm was cut.A total of 270 samples were taken, 90 from each wire type.There were three sets of wires, each with 90 samples.Archwires were available in three different sizes: 0.017"X0.025"Nickel Titanium (set I), 0.017"X0.025"Coated Ni-Ti (set II) and 0.017"X0.025"Braided Ni-Ti (set III).
In this experiment, we employed the following fluoride agents: The control group solution was artificial saliva (custom made).The formula is Water, NaCl 0.04%, KCl 0.04%, CaCl 2 0.795%, NaH 2 PO 4 0.078%, Na 2 S 0.0005%, Urea 0.1%.H 3 PO 4 was used to bring the pH of the test solution to 6.7.
Each group of archwires was divided into 3 subgroups: sub-group a (Control-Artificial saliva), subgroup b (Experimental-Phosflur gel), sub-group c (Experimental-Prevident 5000).Two months (control) were spent with all three sets of wires (group of 30) submerged in 5ml of artificial saliva in plastic vials.Subgroup a did not make use of any fluoride treatments.Phos-flur gel and Prevident 5000 were applied to samples from sub-group b and c for one minute every day for two months.

Methodology
All samples from the three groups were analyzed two months after being immersed and treated with fluoride chemicals.Two specimens were chosen at random from each set of experimental wires and analyzed with an optic profilometer.Each kind of wire underwent a One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 5% significance level (0.5) to assess whether or not there were statistically significant differences between the treatment groups.Pairwise comparisons between the control and experimental groups were performed using the Turkey post hoc test.

DISCUSSION:
When exposed to oxygen, metal surfaces generate an oxide coating that impedes penetration by an attacking agent.A passivation layer must develop on nickeltitanium wires for them to be resistant to corrosion.
White spot lesions surrounding orthodontic brackets may be prevented or treated by using fluoride preventive agents such as acidulated phosphate fluorides (APF) or neutral fluorides.However, the fluoride ions included in the preservatives may cause corrosion and discoloration of titanium and its alloys, it has been noticed, especially when mechanical contact between brackets and wires causes passivated wire surface breaks 4 .
Titanium based alloys are vulnerable to corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement due to exposure to fluoride compounds, which are characterized by an acidic pH. 5 Despite the fact that polymer-based esthetic wires look great, they have not been widely used in clinical settings because of their fragility.Alternatively, polymer-coated archwires made of metals like Teflon and epoxy resin have been produced. 6veral new types of aesthetically pleasing brackets and wires have been introduced in response to the increasing demand for cosmetic orthodontic equipment.Braided and coaxial wires, for example, were developed because of the growing interest in using light forces.
These NiTi braided wires are prefabricated and provide all the benefits of both NiTi and rectangular braided wire.NiTi's already impressive superelastic characteristics are further enhanced by the braiding process.This wire enables early torque control owing to its rectangular cross-section.Its application includes midtreatment second molar engagement and early torque management. 7th the acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel. Figure 1) and the neutral fluoride agent (Prevident 5000, Figure 2) were shown to have an effect on the surface properties of all three sets of wires.Surface properties were reduced more by the acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel) than by the other fluoride agent.0] .
When compared between the three groups of wires, coated NiTi wires (Group 2) showed highest surface roughness, followed by braided NiTi wires (Group 3).Non coated NiTi wires (Group 1) were also affected by both the fluoride agents, but less surface roughness than the others.
Surface irregularities and lack of uniformity in thickness of the coated wires is one of the causes for the damage that has observed in coated NiTi wires (Group 2).As previously stated by Dayanne Lopes Da Silva et al 11 in their study.When these wires were immersed in fluoride agents further detrimental surface changes were noted.Among all three groups, increased surface roughness was observed with coated Ni-Ti wires (group II) followed by braided Ni-Ti wires (group III) and noncoated Ni-Ti (group I).
These results obtained were from an in-vitro study, whereas the oral cavity is complex in nature, the exposure time, salivary pH and the components could give a varied inference.Hence further study and research is a mandate.

Figures 1 Fig 1 :©TheFig 2 :Amplitude
Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate the effects of an acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel) and a neutral fluoride agent (Prevident 5000) on the surface properties of the three sets of wires, respectively.Surface properties were reduced more by the acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel) than by the other fluoride agent.Images were taken using a computerized profilometer, Ra (the average height of roughness), Rq (the root mean square height of roughness), Rt (the maximumheight of roughness), and Rp (the peak height of roughness) were all computed.As compared to the sub-group a (control) in all three group of wires, sub-group b (Phos-flur-Figure.3,4,9,10,15,16)showed highest surface roughness followed by subgroup c (Prevident-Figure.5,6,11,12,17,18).When

Fig 17 : 1 AmplitudeFig 18 :
Fig 17: Optic Profilometer Analysis for Group III c Sample 1 , Sami Kadhum Al-joubori12 has done study on surface roughness of Teflon coated NiTi wires immersed in fluoridated and nonfluoridated mouth washes.The results of this study are similar to current study that coated NiTi wires immersed in fluoridated mouthwash showed increased surface rouCONCLUSIONUncoated Ni-Ti has a rough surface, coated Ni-Ti, and braided Ni-Ti wires all increased significantly after being exposed to either neutral or acidulated preventive fluoride gels.On comparison between two fluoride agents (acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel) and neutral fluoride agent (Prevident 5000)), significant changes were observed with acidulated fluoride agent (Phos-flur gel) followed by neutral fluoride agent (Prevident 5000).As a result, was established that fluoride compounds modify orthodontic arch wires' physical characteristics.

Amplitude parameters -Roughness profile Mean μm
Fig 12: Optic Profilometer Analysis for Group II c Sample 2

©The Ibn Sina Trust S 112 Amplitude parameters -Roughness profile Mean μm
Fig 13: Optic Profilometer Analysis for Group III a Sample 1 Fig 14: Optic Profilometer Analysis for Group III a Sample 2 Fig 15: Optic Profilometer Analysis for Group III b Sample 1 Fig 16: Optic Profilometer Analysis for Group III b Sample 2 ©The Ibn Sina Trust S 113 Available at: http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJMS