The management of Premenstrual syndrome : A review

Premenstrual Syndrome is a set of physical, emotional and behavioural symptoms that start during the week preceding menstruation and are alleviated when the menstrual flow begins. Epidemiological surveys have estimated that the frequency of PMS symptoms is about 80-90% with impairment of functioning. Women with severe PMS should be managed by a multi disciplinary team, which might comprise a hospital or community gynaecologist, psychiatrist or psychologist, dietician and counselor. Where there is multidisciplinary provision of care, this is of benefit both from the diagnostic and therapeutic point of view, giving the ability to offer a broad range of interventions from lifestyle interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to gynaecological interventions.


Introduction
Cyclic premenstrual pain and discomfort (CPDD) which causes symptoms that recur in the premenstrual or luteal phase of the premenstrual cycle is called premenstrual syndrome (PMS) 1 .It has emerged as a twentieth century phenomenon 2 ; many women are punctuated with distressing premenstrual symptoms that can disrupt their quality of life and relationships It has been calculated that affected women experience almost 3000 days of severe symptoms during the reproductive years.The symptoms can be psychological symptoms (irritability, mood swings, depressed mood, crying spells, low self-esteem, anxiety, sleep disturbance, increased appetite, lethargy or fatigue), cognitive symptoms (forgetfulness, decreased concentration) and physical symptoms (breast tenderness, bloating, fluid retention, weight gain, constipation, hot flushes, headaches, musculoskeletal discomfort, acne, rhinitis, palpitation 3 .In the late luteal phase when estrogen levels have declined women with PMS exhibit specific serotonin (5-HT) abnormalities.These include a deficiency in whole blood 5-HT, blunted 5-HT production in response to l-tryptophan challenge, and aggravated premenstrual symptoms during tryptophan depletion 4 and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of PMS. 5 Severity of symptoms varies, about 80% of women report mild symptoms; 20%-50% report moderate symptoms and about 5% report severe symptoms for several days with impairment of functioning 6 .PMS is prevalent in women of all ages causing substantial morbidity with obvious detriment to interpersonal relationships, social interactions, lifestyle, work performance, emotional well-being and overall health-related quality of life 7 .Despite the magnitude of this problem, a lot of confusion exists in medical communities like about what is effective and not effective for treatment of PMS.A range of treatments currently available reflect this theoretical diversity.Management

1)
Lifestyle changes: The ACOG and AAFP recommend lifestyle change as the first line of treatment option for PMS 15 .It may be valuable in patients with mild to moderate symptoms and benefit their overall health 13 .
• Diet: Dietary changes often reduce premenstrual symptoms.Decreasing caffeine, sugar, alcohol intake can abate anxiety and irritability; and reducing sodium decreases edema and bloating.Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grain and water is also beneficial 13 .• Exercise: Aerobic exercise for 20-30 minutes, 3-4 times per week also reduces the symptoms.Reduction of body weight to within 20% of ideal is an appropriate goal 9,12,15 .• Sleep hygiene: PMS is associated with sleep irregularities; to alleviate the associated distress and discomfort, adoption of a regular sleep-wake pattern may be helpful 15 .• Stress reduction: Encouraging women to avoid planning stressful activities for the premenstrual period whenever possible can be helpful.Light therapy with 10,000 Lx, cool-white fluorescent light is also beneficial in reducing stress and can be beneficial for PMS 15 .

2) Psychotherapy and group support
• Supportive therapy and patient education: Group support can be effective in managing PMS.
Assertiveness training and anger management can reduce symptoms and interpersonal conflicts.
Educating patients and their families about the disorder can promote understanding of it 12 .• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This kind of therapy can enhance self-esteem and interpersonal effectiveness, as well as reduce other symptoms 12,15 .

3) Nutritional Supplements
• Vitamin B6: It may improve premenstrual symptoms by its effects on serotonin.It is found that vitamin B6 in dosages of up to 100 mg per day is likely to benefit patients with premenstrual symptoms and premenstrual depression 12,16   • Evening primrose oil: Evening primrose oil, a rich source of gamma linoleicacid, is often used as a treatment for severe PMS 12,13,18 I. Pharmacologic Treatment Women with severe symptoms or symptoms resistant to non-medical approaches should be considered for drug therapy.The two chief evidence-based medical treatments of moderate to severe PMS are categorised by ovulation suppression and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 22  (5-HT1A) agonist.It can be administered in the symptomatic luteal phase; its effect appears to be modest 9,14 .

3) Anxiolytics
• Alprazolam: It is a high-potency benzodiazepine with mood-enhancing and anxiolytic effects and has been shown to be somewhat effective in patients with PMS.Because of the potential for drug dependence, alprazolam should be considered a second-line drug and used only if SSRIs fail to achieve an optimal response.Therapy should be limited to the luteal phase and should be given in low dosages-0.375to 1.5 mg per day 8,22 .4) Hormonal therapy: Although the underlying cause of severe PMS remains unknown, cyclical ovarian activity appears to be an important factor.
A logical treatment for severe PMS, therefore, is to suppress ovulation and thus suppress the cyclical endocrine/biochemical changes that cause the distressing symptoms.A number of drugs are capable of performing this function, but they are not without their own side effects, which may influence the efficacy of the treatment or the duration for which they may be given 9,22 .• Combined oral contraceptive pill: The new combined oral contraceptive pill, Yasmin containing an anti-mineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic progestogen, drospirenone, showed considerable promise in the treatment of severe PMS as it minimized progestogenic side effects with a mild diuretic and anti-androgenic effect 2,22 .• Transdermal estradiol: Implanted 17ß-estradiol combined with cyclical progestogen is effective for the management of physical and psychological symptoms of severe PMS.Administered as a 100 mg implant, proved to be highly effective 2,13,22 . .• Danazol: Cycle suppression may be achieved using danazol, an androgenic steroid.Studies have demonstrated benefit for several symptoms, but due to masculinising side effects, especially at higher, cycle-suppressing doses, it is not commonly used 2, 22 .• Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues: GnRH hormone analogues have been very successfully employed for many years to suppress ovarian steroid production.Early resort to GnRH therapy for PMS is not recommended due to the side effects and cost.Prolonged use should be retained for women with the most severe symptoms 22,26 .

• Progesterone/progestogens:
A recent meta-analysis of all published studies for progestogen and progesterone treatment of PMS demonstrated no benefit for treatment.All the trials of progesterone (by both routes of administration) showed no clinically significant difference between progesterone and placebo.Natural progesterone could have some benefits as it can have an anxiolytic effect and act as a mild diuretic 2,22 .

5) Miscellaneous Pharmacologic Interventions
• Spironolactone: In a dosage of 100 mg is effective in reducing irritability, depression, somatic symptoms, feelings of swelling, breast tenderness and craving for sweets 2,9,22 .• Bromocriptine: In a dosage of up to 2.5 mg three times per day may be beneficial in patients with cyclic mastalgia 2,13,22 .• Ibuprofen: In a dosage of up to 1,000 mg per day, can reduce breast pain, headaches, back pain, and other pain symptoms, but seems to have limited effect on mood symptoms 22 .III. Surgical Therapy 1) Hysterectomy: Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the ultimate form of ovulation suppression and the only true cure for PMS as this removes the ovarian cycle completely.When treating women with PMS, surgery should not be contemplated without preoperative use of GnRH analogues as a test of cure and to ensure that HRT is tolerated.Such therapy should be reserved for extremely severe PMS sufferers in whom other treatments have failed.Women who have had a hysterectomy with ovarian conservation will often continue to have cyclical symptoms in the absence of menstruation 22 .
Management protocol of PMS 3 The following steps for treating PMS are based on recommendations outlined in an ACOG Practice Bulletin: Step 1: A) In case of mild and /or moderate symptoms supportive therapy with good nutrition, complex carbohydrates, aerobic exercise, calcium supplements and possibly magnesium or chaste berry fruit is recommended.B) If physical symptoms predominate; spironolactone or NSAIDs, or hormonal suppression with OCPs or medroxyprogesterone acetate is to be given.
Step 2: When mood symptoms predominate and are significantly impairing function; initiate SSRI therapy.An anxiolytic can be used for specific symptoms not relieved by the SSRI medication.
Step 3: If not responsive to steps 1 or 2: Try GnRH agonists; this would not be done in an adolescent without consultation with a gynecologist.

Conclusion
Serotonergic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are well-established, highly effective, and first-line pharmacologic therapy.However due to potential side effects of some of the treatments, lifestyle change should be considered as the first line of treatment option for PMS.These changes may be valuable in patients with mild to moderate symptoms and benefit their overall health.Group support can be effective in managing PMS.Assertiveness training and anger management can reduce symptoms and interpersonal conflicts.Educating patients and their families about the disorder can promote understanding of it.Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Nutritional Supplements and Herbal therapies also play an important role in the management of PMS.The two most-studied and relevant neurotransmitter systems implicated in the genesis of the symptoms are the GABArgic and the serotonergic systems.Research on modulation of these neurotransmitters across the menstrual cycle may prove fruitful.Pharmacologic and surgical therapy should be reserved for severe cases of PMS.
22e serotoninergic antidepressants are the first-line treatment of choice for severe PMS/PMDD25.It is effective in continuous and intermittent dosing.Intermittent administration has many advantages.It is less expensive, reduces the overall rate of side effects, limits exposure to medications, may reduce tolerance and is more acceptable to many women.The drug is started between 7 and 14 days before the next menstrual period, with the start day individualized to begin at or just before the expected onset of symptoms22.It increases the central activity of both serotonin and noradrenalin.It is given in a dosage of 37.5 to 150mg per day.It is effective in mood, function, pain and physical symptoms. Sie effects are nausea, insomnia and dizziness 10 .
12,22mipramine: It is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that is potent but relatively nonselective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake.It benefits all symptoms of PMS.It is given in the dosage of 25 to 75 mg per day for full cycle or luteal phase.It has anticholinergic and sexual side effects.It is not approved by FDA for this use12,22.•Venlafaxine: