Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy

Anatomy of the Cystic Duct – Factors Affecting the Stasis of Bile and Formation of Gall Stones

Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Background: An increasing incidence of liver and gall bladder diseases bring about an increasing necessity of their precise diagnosis. Unrecognized anatomic variants of the extrahepatic billiary apparatus may cause confusion on imaging studies and complicate subsequent surgical, endoscopic, and percutaneous procedures. Although much have been written about the normal anatomy and related diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract but no available data have been found about the variations of the cystic duct in Bangladeshi people. This study was aimed at determining the anatomical variations of gross morphological features of cystic duct in relation to age and sex in Bangladeshi people as well as to find out any congenital anomalies of the extrahepatic biliary system.

Materials and methods: A cross sectional descriptive type of study was carried out at the Department of Anatomy, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur. The study was conducted on postmortem gallbladder with cystic duct from 60 unclaimed dead bodies of Bangladeshi people. Of which, 32 were male specimens and 28 were female specimens. The specimens were divided into two groups according to age, young age group A (20-40 years) and elderly age group B (41-65 years). The length and diameter of cystic duct was measured and number of valves in cystic duct was counted. Comparison was done between male and female of two age groups by Student’s unpaired‘t’ test.

Results: The length of the cystic duct showed a significantly higher value in elderly male than younger male and corresponding f emale groups of similar age. The number of spiral valves showed similar values in both sexes.

Conclusion: No relationship between cystic duct length, diameter and number of spiral valves with different sex and different age could be established in this study.

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2015, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 32-36

A Morphometric Study to Measure the Height and Width of Pedicles of Second Cervical Vertebrae in Different Sex

Masuma Akhtar Banu, Shamim Ara, Rehena Yusuf — Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Context: Identification provides a biological profile of an individual, including estimation of ancestry, age and particularly sex by the morphology of bones. Examination of bone is important for identification and estimation of sex of an individual. The present study was planned to collect data regarding morphometric measurements of pedicle of human dry ossified second cervical vertebrae and to find out possible variations in different sex.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January 2012 to December 2012. The study materials consists of 156 (one hundred & fifty six) human dry ossified second cervical vertebral of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed in male & female sex groups by discriminant function analysis technique. With the help of digital slide calipers different measurements were recorded in millimeters.

Result: Among 156 vertebrae 87 was male and 69 was female. The mean (±SD) The mean (± SD) height and width of pedicle was greater in male than that of female (P<0.05).

Conclusion: There was no significant difference in height and width of pedicle, between right and left side in both sexes.

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2015, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 37-40

Skinfold Thickness of Government Primary School Children in Dhaka City

Sharmin Rahman, Shamim Ara, Mahamuda Begum, Masuma Akhtar Banu — Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Context: Skinfold thickness is one of the important parameter to assess nutritional status which is widely used in children. It is the common technique for estimating fat mass in children. We can also use measurement of skinfold thickness in children for clinical, research and epidemiological purposes. The present study was planned to determine difference in skinfold thickness between boys and girls of four government primary school in Dhaka city.

Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the department of anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2012 to December 2012. The present study was performed on 400 government primary school children. Out of 400 children, 200 were boys and 200 were girls. The study population was divided into three groups A, B, C according to age and sex of the subject. Group A include age 9+ years, group B include age 10+ years and group C include age 11+ years old children. Each group was again subdivided into A1, B1 and C1 for boys and A2, B2 and C2 for girls. The subjects of this age group were the students of class III to class V. With the help of skinfold caliper measurements were recorded.

Results: Triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and medial calf skinfold of group A2, B2 and C2 were significantly greater (P<0.001) than group A1, B1 and C1.

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2015, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 41-45

Perceptions of Intern Doctors and Postgraduate Students About Neuroanatomy Education in Bangladesh

Latifa Nishat, Sufi HZ Rahman, Khondker M Shamim — Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To explore the perception of intern doctors and postgraduate students of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry about neuroanatomy education at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in Bangladesh.

Participants and methods: Eight intern doctors and fourteen postgraduate students were selected on the basis of their willingness to participate in the study. The intern of a public medical college hospital who almost completed their training and final part postgraduate students of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry of different medical institutions of Dhaka were invited for the study. Qualitative research methods involving two focus group discussions (FGDs) were used. FGDs were modelled using some preselected agenda. The discussions were audiotaped and handwritten transcripts were analysed for identifying themes representing the perception.

Results: Neuroanatomy was perceived as a difficult but important subject by the participants. Inappropriate timing, as well as the limited use of radiological images, visual aids, clinical correlation and a lack of discipline-specific approach were perceived as the causes of the difficulties. The suggested ways of improving better understanding included enhanced functional, clinical and radiological orientation, and increased use of multimedia and online resources in the teaching-learning of neuroanatomy.

Conclusion: The perception of intern doctors and postgraduate students of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry about their neuroanatomy education indicates the need for redesigning teaching-learning at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Enhancement of radiological images, 3-D visual aids, clinically-oriented and discipline-specific approach in neuroanatomy teaching-learning may be helpful in applying relevant knowledge and skills in clinical practices.

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2015, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 46-56

Sexual Dimorphism of Index (2D) and Ring (4D) Digit Lengths and Their Ratio (2D:4D) Among Adult Bangladeshi Male

Karim Rezwan Hasan, Shamim Ara, Mahamuda Begum — Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Context: Human hand is one of the most studied subjects in modern science and evolutionary biology. By virtue of evolution and genetically arrangements, digital lengths vary from person to person according to age, sex, races, occupation or even environmental influences. It has been found that the digital lengths and their ratios are not the same in different sexes or even both hands. Specially, index to ring digit lengths and their ratios which already have been proved to represent sexual dimorphism may differ in both hands of an individual. Many studies among different races have shown that index to ring digit ratio (2D:4D) 31 among female and <1.00 among male. In this study, this variation of the index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) length and their ratio (2D:4D) has been analyzed and compared in both hands among the adult male Bangladeshis.

Materials & Methods: A Cross sectional analytical study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2012 to June 2013. The study was performed on 100 male MBBS students (20-25 years of age) of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. With the help of digital vernier caliper measurements of digital lengths were recorded. Paired t- test was done for statistical analysis of the results.

Results: Significant difference has been found in the lengths of index finger (2D) and ring (4D) digits and their ratios (2D:4D) between both hands where left index finger (L2D) length was higher than right index finger (R2D) length (P<0.05) and the length of right ring finger (R4D) was significantly greater (P<0.001) than left ring finger (L4D). The right index to ring digit ratio (R2D:4D) was significantly less than left index to ring digit ratio (L2D:4D) in male (P<0.001) that indicated sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D ratio is more prominent in the right hand in male. Also, right index to ring digit ratio (R2D:4D) was recorded <1.00 in 86% and 31 in 14% subjects and left index to ring digit ratio (L2D:4D) was recorded <1.00 in 76% and 31 in 24% of subjects.

Conclusion: Digital lengths especially index (2D) and ring (4D) digit lengths are often use to determine sexual dimorphism. Also, study over the variations of digital lengths have great medicolegal importance to determine age, sex and race of an individual.

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2015, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 57-61

Dermatoglyphic Patterns of Finger Tips in the Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Context: The word dermatoglyphics denotes as the scientific study of the epidermal ridge patterns of fingertips, palm and sole. There are three major classes of dermatoglyphic patterns of finger tips: loops, whorls and arches. Analysis of finger dermatoglyphic is beginning to prove itself as a useful tool for preliminary investigation in conditions with a suspected genetic basis. The genetic contribution is one of the causes of pulmonary tuberculosis. The present study on finger dermatoglyphics pattern was carried out to provide dermatoglyphic as a tool for early prediction of pulmonary tuberculosis by comparing dermatoglyphic patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with the normal healthy individuals.

Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2012 to December 2012. The study was performed on 100 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis and 100 healthy individuals.

Results: The percentage of whorl in pulmonary tuberculosis patients was significantly higher than control group (P<0.001). On the other hand, in pulmonary tuberculosis patients ulnar loop, radial loop and arch were 30.4%, 0.1% and 4.9% respectively and in control group were 72.3% , 2.5% and 10.3% respectively. Ulnar loop, radial loop and arch were significantly decreased in the patients group as compared to controls.

Conclusion: In the present study the percentage of whorl was predominantly higher in the pulmonary tuberculosis patient than the control subjects.

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2015, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 62-66