Industrial enzyme production in Bangladesh: current landscape, scope, and challenges

: Enzymes are important biological catalysts that perform specialized functions within living organisms. Industrial enzymes are crucial in various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, the textile industry, the manufacturing of chemicals, biodiesel, the food and beverages industry


Introduction
Enzymes are biocatalysts with distinct characteristics, such as the capacity to operate in mild temperatures, utilize renewable resources, and demonstrate exact substrate and product selectivity (Farooq et al., 2021).They have recently become an important substitute for traditional chemical catalysts, allowing for the manufacturing of a diverse spectrum of chemicals with high efficiency (Chapman et al., 2018;Gupta et al., 2019).Pharmaceuticals, the textile industry, chemical manufacture, biofuel generation, food and beverage, and consumer items all use enzymes (Girelli et al., 2020).Enzymes play an important part in the manufacture of food and beverages and offer a significant portion of the industrial enzyme market.Enzyme production was revolutionized in the second part of the 20th century with the discovery of fermentation techniques, which made it possible to produce defined-property, purified enzymes in large quantities.Enzymes can be obtained through plant and animal sources as well as fermentation using bacterial or fungal strains.Genetically modified (GM) and wild-type (WT) strains are used to increase protein manufacture and prevent the formation of unwanted secondary metabolites (Deckers et al., 2020).Amylase takadiastase was the first enzyme to be synthesized industrially from wheat bran and was utilized as a medicinal agent for digestive diseases in the United States in 1894 (Samanta, 2022).Enzymes must be inexpensive, highly active, selective, and stable to serve as successful industrial biocatalysts.Recent developments in the field of protein engineering have made it possible to create enzymes that are specifically suited for a range of industrial uses.It is now economically possible to produce enzymes on a big scale using genetic engineering and fermentation technology (Madhavan et al., 2021).Bangladesh is rapidly developing as a result of the country's expanding middle-class population, expanding domestic consumer market, and rising use of digital technology.Industrialization is replacing agriculture as the country's primary income source, with the agricultural sector contributing 14.2% to the economy.In 2018, industrial growth increased by 8.2% YoY (Nomani et al., 2022).Bangladesh's GDP increased by 7.1% YoY in June 2022, however, due to disturbances in the global economy, it is predicted to decline to 5.3% in 2023 (ADB, 2023).Bangladesh's industrial sector is expanding quickly, and the country is facing significant challenges as it moves from being classified as a least developed (LDC) to a developing one in 2026 (Wing, 2022).Despite the increasing demand for industrial enzymes across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, textiles, and food production, there is currently no well-established enzyme production industry within the country.As a result, Bangladesh heavily relies on imports from other nations like China, Sri Lanka, and Singapore to meet its enzyme needs (IMARC Food Enzymes Market, 2022).This creates an urgent need to develop a domestic enzyme production infrastructure that aligns with the nation's expanding industrial landscape.We hypothesize that by encouraging the development of a robust domestic enzyme production industry, Bangladesh can not only reduce its dependency on imports but also stimulate economic growth, create employment opportunities, and bolster the country's industrial capabilities.This review aims to investigate the current landscape, scope, and challenges of industrial enzyme production in Bangladesh to support this hypothesis.
To address these issues, our research will seek to answer the following key question: "What are the current conditions, opportunities, and challenges related to industrial enzyme production in Bangladesh, and how can the country establish a self-sufficient enzyme production industry to meet the growing demand?"A collaborative, multidisciplinary approach, as well as government assistance and incentives, are required to provide the groundwork for the large-scale enzyme manufacturing process.

Historical background
In the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu in China around 7000 BCE, enzymes were first used to process grains for alcoholic beverage production (Wang et al., 2021).Wine manufacturing was first documented around 5400-5000 BCE at the Neolithic settlement of Tepe in Mesopotamia (McGovern et al., 2017).For more than 2,500 years, Aspergillus strains have been widely used in China as starter cultures to ferment grains, producing rice wine or other distilled products.Similarly, ancient Egyptians have been using microbes and malt in bread production dating back to 2000-1200 BCE (Vogel, 2019).Fungi and bacteria-produced amylases and protease enzymes have become a competitive substitute for those produced from plants and animals.The use of purified proteases has been made for the clarification of beer since 1911, whereas pectinases have previously been employed for wine and juice clarification.The global production of citric acid exceeded one million tons in 2023 and is anticipated to reach $3.2 billion (West, 2023).The incorporation of microbial proteases in detergents is a great achievement in Enzymology.The first batch of Bacillus protease was commercialized in 1959 and is currently produced by Novozymes in Denmark as a major industrial product.During the 1960s, microbial enzymes became more widely used in the starch business (Nunes and Kumar, 2018).With the use of contemporary biotechnology methods, the enzyme sector has progressed, increasing output and producing enzymes that are specifically tailored for optimum function.

Enzyme types and application
Enzymes have historically been widely employed in the manufacturing of a variety of food and beverage goods, including cheese and dairy products, as well as alcoholic beverages items such as wine and beer, and fermented foods.These enzymes are readily accessible on the market and derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms.Microorganisms, especially bacteria and fungi, provide more than half of industrial enzymes because of their advantageous characteristics.These microorganisms can be efficiently cultivated using fermentation techniques, requiring minimal time and space.Additionally, their high consistency allows for straightforward process modification and optimization (Raveendran et al., 2018).Industrial enzymes are classified into three types: technical enzymes, food enzymes, and animal feed enzymes.These enzymes provide specialized roles in a variety of sectors.In the food industry, 64 enzymes are used for technical purposes, 57 are used in feeds, and 24 are employed in three distinct industrial fields (Seerat Gupta, 2023).Food enzymes are applicable in various industrial sectors such as food and beverage processing, including baking, dairy, beer, wine, fruit, and vegetable juice production and baking (Mandake et al., 2020).Animal feed enzymes, the third group, are used in the animal feed industrial sector.Biocatalysts have gained popularity in organic synthesis due to their high quality, greater efficiency, and increased safety (Winkler et al., 2021).In this section, we depict the use of industrial enzymes in many industrial areas (Table 1).

Global and Bangladesh industrial enzymes market
The 21st century has seen significant growth in industrial production, leading to the creation of employment opportunities, increased income, and improved living conditions.Numerous factors, including research and development initiatives, environmental concerns, the food and beverage industry's need for protease and carbohydrates, the fast pace of industrialization, developments in the nutraceutical industry, and the growing demand for bioethanol, all have an impact on the market.With a predicted Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.6%, the market is predicted to keep growing, rising from USD 7.4 billion in 2023 to USD 10.2 billion by 2028 (Markets and Markets, 2023).The fastest-growing market for industrial enzymes is the food and beverage sector, which is being driven by the rising worldwide population and spending power.Based on IMARC Group's forecast, the global food enzymes market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.9% from 2023 to 2028, from $3.4 billion in 2022 to $5.1 billion (IMARC Food Enzymes Market, 2022).The global industrial enzymes market is primarily dominated by North American countries, accounting for over 30%.The US is ranked first because of its revenue share in the production of beverages and biofuels.The growing demand for craft beer is likely responsible for the market's growth.Bangladesh exported a total value of $911 enzyme in the year 2021, putting it in the position as the 119thlargest enzyme exporter worldwide.The United Arab Emirates, China, Sri Lanka, South Korea, and Turkey are Bangladesh's top export markets for enzymes.Bangladesh's Enzymes had significant growth in their export markets from 2020 to 2021.Bangladesh ranked as the 34th largest importer of enzymes worldwide in the same year, with an import value of $47.4 million.Bangladesh mainly imports enzymes from Turkey, Malaysia, China, Singapore, and Sri Lanka.The fastest-growing import markets between 2020 and 2021 were China ($2.3M), Spain ($1.07M), and Italy ($1.02M) (Intelligence, 2022) and (OEC, 2023).Bangladesh still depends on imports since it lacks a specialized industrial enzyme production industry, but the global market for industrial enzymes is flourishing day by day and the most promising areas are the food and beverage industry.

Enzyme production technologies
Enzyme manufacturing technologies can make a significant contribution to environmental protection.This can occur during the manufacturing, use, or disposal of enzymes by conserving resources, lowering global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, encouraging energy-efficient operations and the use of renewable energy, eliminating harmful agents, reducing waste, and conserving water.Hence, it can be argued that the utilization of enzyme-derived products holds the promise of yielding positive outcomes for both the natural ecosystem and the overall well-being of individuals (Molina-Espeja et al., 2023).The main producers of enzymes are animals, microbes, and plants.Sixty percent of industrial enzymes are produced by fungi, with the remaining forty percent coming from higher animals, plants, yeast, Streptomyces, and bacteria.Significant advances in biotechnology, particularly in the areas of directed evolution and protein engineering, have aided the production of new enzymes (Kaur and Gill, 2019).Food enzymes can be derived through two main methods: microbial (MO) fermentation or extraction from zoological and animal sources.Initially, Enzymes derived from plants and animals were considered superior to enzymes made by microbial fermentation due to the belief that they contained fewer contaminants.However, the advantages of microbial biomass (MB) fermentations, such as their affordability, technological viability, and ethical advantages (particularly in comparison to animal sources)-have grown more and more evident (Zhang et al., 2019).
Microorganisms can produce enzymes via a variety of fermentation processes, including submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (Kaur and Gill, 2019).

Methods of microbial fermentation 5.1.1. Submerged fermentation (SmF)
Submerged fermentation (SmF) is a technique for growing specialized bacterial and fungal strains in a nutrientenriched liquid medium, producing enzymes for industrial use.Large-scale fermenters, some with capacities of up to 1,000 cubic meters, are employed.These microbes secrete enzymes into the liquid, catalyzing the breakdown of carbon and nitrogen molecules.Adequate water supply and high oxygen levels are crucial for this process, which employs stirring mechanisms such as stirrers and impellers.Various factors, including temperature, pH, agitation, and foam control, impact the process.Four SmF variations exist batch, fed-batch, perfusion, and continuous, depending on operational modes in bioprocessing (Al-Maqtari et al., 2019;Deckers et al., 2020).

Solid state fermentation (SSF)
Solid-state fermentation is a bioprocess technique through wherein certain microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts) are cultivated on a moist, solid, non-soluble organic material that serves as both a support and nutrient source for the growth of the microorganisms, in the absence or near absence of free-flowing water.This process occurs in an environment with limited or no free-flowing water.The solid-state fermentation (SSF) technique, employed for industrial enzyme production, utilizes nutrient-rich waste products such as bran, bagasse, and paper pulp as substrates for microorganisms.These bacteria gradually and continuously consume these substrates.The advantages of this technology comprise its ease of handling, enhanced recovery of product concentration, and reduced creation of effluent.These factors contribute to its potential as a viable approach for sustained substrate supply (Toldra and Kim, 2016).Several enzymes derived from solid-state fermentation inc ude the fo owing ex mp es: ce u ses, α-amylases, proteases, lipases, phytases, laccases, xylanases, xylosidases, chitin deacetylase and invertase (Yafetto, 2022).The manufacturing process of industrial enzymes typically follows a fundamental methodology.The methodology can be summarized as follows:  Selection of an enzyme  Production strain selection  It is possible to create overproducing strains through recombinant DNA technology. Conditions for medium optimization and control of the parameters  Optimization of product recovery process and  In the final stage, the product (enzyme) is formulated to be long lasting and have a longer shelf life (Nandy, 2016) (Figure 1).

Rational design
Rational design includes the modification of certain DNA sequences that control amino acids linked to more effective focused action.It is crucial to comprehend the three-dimensional structure and molecular functions of proteins.Site-directed mutagenesis frequently involves the substitution of particular amino acids with others to achieve the desired functionality (Sanchez and Demain, 2017).

Directed evolution
The process of directed evolution consists of two distinct stages.

Generating genetic diversity
The introduction of initial genetic variation through several processes including UV radiation, chemical mutagenesis, or error-prone PCR facilitates the creation of genetic diversity.By creating enzyme variations with a diverse variety of genetic makeup, this approach mimics the process of natural evolution.

Screening and selection
The next step is to use screening and selection procedures to assess the modified enzymes for the desired properties.This phenomenon frequently shows up on various substrates, such as agar plates.Enzymes that exhibit the required characteristics are chosen.Unlike rational design, however, this specific technique does not require knowledge of the structure and function of enzyme (Zhang et al., 2019).

Semi-rational design
Combining guided evolution methods with rational design concepts is the idea behind semi-rational design.This means that while you may have a thorough grasp of the structural and functional properties of the enzyme, you may lack particular knowledge of the modifications that are required to produce the intended outcomes.Targeted mutations are added to specific amino acids in a relevant region during the first stage.Then, an evaluation and screening process based on directed evolution principles is applied to find variants of the enzyme that meet the required criteria (Trono, 2019).

Agricultural resources and biodiversity
The food and agriculture industry are growing rapidly.However, the process of industrialization has led to harmful effects on the environment.Biomass is produced annually, rice husk, rice straw, jute sticks, and sugarcane bagasse are examples of agricultural waste that contributes significantly to Bangladesh's biomass energy supply (Bharathiraja et al., 2017).It is critical to turn these wastes into valuable industrial and commercial items efficiently and cost-effectively to reduce their negative adverse effect on the environment (Wang et al., 2016).
Agricultural waste, such as corn cobs, sawdust, rice hulls, and groundnut shells, can be utilized for multiple industrial applications owing to its richness in bioactive chemicals, including the production of antibiotics (Kashif and Shahid, 2022).Agricultural waste has been used effectively for carbon and nitrogen in procedures such as antimicrobial fermentation throughout the first half of the 20th century (Ravindran et al., 2018).In order to effectively address the problem of waste accumulation, a link between waste streams and agro-based sectors needs to be established.Production of everyday items such as food, feed, paper, textiles, chemicals, and medications necessitates significant resource consumption and produces waste, which has an adverse effect on the environment and people's quality of life (Jiuyang Lin, 2023).Untreated effluents discharged into aquatic ecosystems by the textile industry often result in serious environmental damage (Lellis et al., 2019).Industries on a global scale are actively pursuing alternative technologies to address the growing demand for goods and services, while simultaneously minimizing resource use and mitigating environmental repercussions.The food industry, part of the agro-industry, significantly contributes to waste production, leading to economic losses, climate change, and environmental pollution (Singh et al., 2021).The industrialization of biology has the potential to yield significant benefits at both the global and national levels.It can spur innovation and sustainable economic growth, while also helping to address several of the most pressing obstacles of our time, such as providing inexpensive clean energy, enabling persisting production processes, and creating new jobs and skills for future generations (NRC, 2015).Enzyme production could be made more economically by using biological waste as a medium for the growth of microorganisms.The capacity of enzyme preparations sourced from fungi and bacteria to break down biomass is somewhat limited.Despite the limitations on their effectiveness, enzymes have attracted significant industrial use in the areas of food modification, biofuel production, pharmaceutical and biological research, and waste conversion.

Environmental concern
Enzyme catalysis has proven to be advantageous for various industries like pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, detergent, and biofuel.However, other sectors like natural gas conversion and fine chemical manufacture have recently begun evaluating its utilization.Employing enzymes as catalysts in large-scale chemical manufacturing offers numerous advantages.Enzymes are excellent catalysts due to their ability to work under mild reaction conditions, excellent selectivity towards products, and minimal impact on the environment.Therefore, they have been utilized to optimize chemical synthesis pathways and enhance the cost-effectiveness of chemical processes (Chapman et al., 2018).Industrialization and rapid urbanization have all accelerated environmental degradation since 1940s, by releasing dangerous pollutants in the environment (Ali et al., 2019).The most prevalent contaminants in the environment are pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, dyes, and plastics.These compounds' propensity to cause cancer, incapacity to break down organically, and persistent presence in the environment make them especially dangerous and destroy our ecosystem.They are persistent in their impacts and are the cause of harmful illnesses that affect humans, animals, and plants in these settings (Vardhan et al., 2019).Bioremediation uses microorganisms or their enzymes to remove toxic pollutants from the environment.Bacterial and fungal enzymes can convert pollutants into non-toxic forms through catalytic reactions.The process is safe, efficient, and economically viable, using enzymes like oxidoreductases, oxygenases, hydrolases, peroxidases, phosphodiesterases, and lipases to break down harmful contaminants (Sharma et al., 2018).Enzymes are ideal for environmental applications due to their variety, selectivity, and biodegradability.However, their industrial use is limited by the high cost of purified enzymes.Genetic engineering can overcome this challenge by producing enzymes that are more specific and cost-effective, reducing the need for traditional manufacturing methods (Al-Maqdi et al., 2021).The textile business is resource-intensive since it relies on raw cotton for yarn and fabric.Extensive operations such as scouring, bleaching, polishing, and dyeing harm the environment.Pectate lyase is an enzymatic catalyst that facilitates the degradation of pectin, a complex polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.This enzyme is used in the scouring procedure to help in the efficient removal of impurities, hence reducing energy and chemical requirements Knitted fabrics and yarns are bleached with hydrogen peroxide before dying, and any remaining hydrogen peroxide must be removed to prevent interference with subsequent dyeing steps (Roy Choudhury, 2014).Catalases possess the ability to enzymatically degrade excess hydrogen peroxide at reduced temperatures, hence rendering the process more cost-effective and ecologically sustainable (Haddar et al., 2023).Enzymes offer industrial operations a safer, more effective, and biodegradable substitute.By minimizing waste production, consuming less energy, and reducing the need for dangerous chemicals, they assist the industry in meeting environmental goals (Table 2).

Xylan
A kind of dietary fiber included in cereals that can be broken down by enzyme activities so that it may be absorbed by animals with a monogastric stomach.This helps to preserve feed and lowers emissions from the treatment of manure.Skals et al., 2008

Government support and incentives
The development and advancement of numerous governmental and commercial organizations should be included in the pharmaceutical sector to facilitate the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and medical items.Bangladesh's pharmaceutical industry is now seeing rapid growth, with a CAGR of 15.6% over the next five years.Several factors contribute to the expansion: rising Gross National Income (GNI) per capita; population growth; changes in health patterns; modifications to lifestyle choices; and urbanization.Exports have contributed significantly more than they did in the previous fiscal year.The pharmaceutical industry can enter foreign markets, especially in developing nations where more than half of the world's drug consumption takes place.Utilizing technology like artificial (Faisal, 2019).Bangladesh's government has incentivized the pharmaceutical industry to attract local and international investors.These measures include encouraging foreign companies to partner with local companies, easing regulations, and providing access to US exporters, and implementing tax breaks.The government has also reduced customs taxes, approved land allotment, and proposed an economic incentive of 10%.The pharmaceutical sector has been a prominent area of emphasis in the export strategy since 2006 (Mohiuddin, 2019).Bangladesh has potential in biotechnology, but political barriers, corruption, and a lack of commitment prevent it from moving further.Although there are some encouraging projects, the nation is not using the most advanced gene transfer methods.The government provides incentives including tax cuts, lower import duties, and export subsidies to entice investment.Reduced income taxes are available to newly established biotech businesses between July 1, 2019, and June 30, 2024.Nonetheless, more committed work is required to fully achieve biotechnology's potential in Bangladesh (BIDA, 2019).
In addition, the application of agricultural waste as a substitute biomass source has raised significant concerns for the environment and renewable energy to satisfy demand worldwide.In Bangladesh, agricultural waste is mainly used for cooking purposes, accounting for 92% of overall primary energy consumption and about 60% of total energy consumption (Uddin et al., 2019).

Challenges and considerations
The pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh is highly dependent on imported raw materials, which drives up prices and lowers its competitiveness.Manufacturing of raw materials must be localized if exports and the economy are to grow.The government has made the sector a top priority and has set up Bangladesh to export APIs successfully.A recognized manufacturing facility, established production techniques, strict quality control, and skilled personnel are required to sell pharmaceutical products from Bangladesh in regulated markets.To boost exports, Bangladesh ought to construct a bioequivalence testing center.The protection of pharmaceutical patents, funding gaps in research, fake medications, and quality control problems all pose problems for the sector.Cost-cutting and self-sufficiency depend on local production (Mohiuddin, 2019).
In the past, the field of medical biotechnology lacked adequate facilities.However, today there has been a significant increase in healthcare and diagnostic services.Several organizations, like the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Bangladesh Institute of Research in Diabetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Institute of Public Health (IPH), and the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), are among the most prominent.To progress biotechnology research in the nation, specialized facilities and equipment are also required, in addition to highly qualified personnel (Islam, 2016).Bangladesh's rapidly expanding population is making food security an increasingly pressing concern.The difficulties associated with meeting demand for rice are exacerbated by supply-side problems (Hossain, 2023).Bangladesh's textile industry suffers difficulties as a result of antiquated machinery and technology, which raises production costs and reduces the country's competitiveness in the area.Pesticide cartels and poor cotton quality are to blame for the industry's expansion being further impeded (Niloy, 2023).Agricultural-based biomass production for biofuel generation on a large scale may give rise to concerns regarding economic, social, and environmental sustainability (Gan et al., 2019).Furthermore, the "food vs. fuel" issue emphasizes the importance of long-term biofuel feedstock availability to meet rising food prices connected with biofuel production (Luthra et al., 2015).Numerous enzymes that are vital to the country's industries are being studied, such as enzymes that break down lignocellulose, enzymes that are amylolytic, and enzymes used in biotechnology.The emphasis is on industrial enzymes that are very prolific and can function effectively in harsh environments.The field of industrial enzymes is making major strides because of this research (BIOTEC, 2023).Globally, the enzyme market is expanding as a result of growing investments in biotechnology and research, especially in the creation of innovative drugs and diagnostics.Increased demand, significant research efforts, and solid funding are anticipated to propel the medical pharmaceutical sector.The demand for enzymes is being driven by a variety of industries, including molecular biology, biofuels, paper processing, rubber processing, biological detergents, and contact lens cleansers.The market for enzymes is expanding as a result of various factors, including rising dietary requirements, population expansion, and consumer awareness of food quality (Madaan, 2020).

Future outlook
Bangladesh lacks the infrastructure necessary for the development of industrial enzymes while being a developing nation.Government involvement in this industry is necessary to support regional production of enzymes, satisfy home demand, and even export enzymes overseas.Cooperation with nearby nations that currently produce enzymes, such as China, Japan, and India, could be taken into consideration.Notably, China intends to develop an enzyme industry in Bangladesh in the future; however, one of the obstacles is the need for a steady supply of electricity for the synthesis of enzymes.Production in Bangladesh is anticipated to start in around five years (Yee, 2018).

Conclusions
Enzymes are biocatalysts that offer economic and environmental benefits across various industries.The demand for enzymes is anticipated to increase substantially globally, providing an opportunity for manufacturers to develop new products and utilize technological advances such as structural biology, screening techniques, bioinformatics tools, and modern biotechnology.Bangladesh's industrial sector is experiencing substantial growth.Our study provides a detailed analysis of agro-industrial waste and its conversion into valuable products, market dimensions, financial gains, expansion patterns, and trends for different types of enzymes, emphasizing their utilization trends.The industrial enzyme market in Bangladesh has the potential to expand due to rising demand, a highly skilled labor force, and low labor costs.The government has demonstrated support for the sector through tax reductions and incentives for enzyme manufacturers.However, the sector faces challenges such as the lack of awareness of enzyme benefits, the high-cost of imported enzymes, and limited accessibility of domestic research and development.With adequate support from the government and industry partners, the large-scale industrial enzyme production sector should be developed which can make a substantial contribution to the economic development and advancement of the nation.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.A schematic representation in the form of a block diagram is used to visually depict the process of enzyme manufacturing (Nandy, 2016).
In Bangladesh, several research organizations and university research laboratories conducted several research works to produce enzymes from microorganisms and plant sources.Recently, a project to analyze the proteolytic enzyme produced by Koji Mold was initiated in 2022-2023 by the Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS).The 2021-2022 Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) annual report showcased several projects undertaken by its researchers.One of these projects focused on the isolation and identification of indigenous fungi for the bioremediation of dye effluents.The researchers identified the enzymes responsible for dye degradation activity using biotechnological techniques.Another effort attempted to increase the production of protease for use in a variety of industries.BCSIR also conducted research on the improvement of xylanase production by a newly isolated xylanolytic bacteria using mutation and gene cloning.Another scientist also headed a project on the extraction of alkaline protease enzyme and its industrial application in the tannery industry.Urea-induced urease activity was studied at the University of Rajshahi's Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, notably the Laboratory of Protein and Enzyme Research, and its possible role in enhancing the fertilization of Mango flowers.From 2013 to 2019, the National Institute of Biotechnology undertook research on the manufacture and development of eco-friendly enzymes derived from microorganisms for use in the textile industry(NIB, 2023).