Present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture at Jessore sadar upazila , Bangladesh

In order to know the present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture activities in Jessore district, Bangladesh a rigorous investigation was conducted with fish farmers and representative of pharmaceutical companies from January, 2016 to May 2016. An extensive assortment of aqua-medicines was comprehended throughout pond prepation and water excellence administration by the agrarians. Amongst them Zeo-Fesh, Zeo Prime, Ecolite, Megazeo plus, Geotox, Jv Zeolite, Acmes, Benthos, Pond life, were extensively used in field level. Disinfectants has precise significance; far and wide used by the agrarians and the furthermost prevalent disinfectants are Pathonil, Timen, Fmsen, Virex, Aquakleen etc., the reimbursements of disinfectants are to inhibit dissimilar categories of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases resembling gill rot, tail rot, dropsy etc. to uphold sanitized circumstance in pond apparatus and floorings and in some circumstances use to treat disease. Numerous aqua-medicines were established in the aqua-medicines retailers that were informed to be used as noxious gas reducer. The obtainable deadly gas reducer were gastrap, gas stop, gasonex plus, ammonil besides that, remunerations of using venomous gas reducer are to eliminate the lethal gas like NH3, H2S, CO2 etc. since the bottommost of pond to diminish concentration of ammonia. For upgrading of dissolve oxygen level, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-Gold, Oxy-A, Oxylife were extensively used in the study area. A number of aqua medicines were found in the aqua-medicine enterprise used as growth promoter in addition to upsurge yield performance like, Megavit Aqua, Aqua Boots, Aquamin, Acimix etc. were extensively used in study area. Countless pharmaceutical companies have been chronicled to marketplace these aquaculture healthcare products. Furthermost of the products have been promoted from diverse republics like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium, and China and values were inconstant, but appeared to be reasonable to agrarians. The contemporaneous investigation pointed out numerous restraints concomitant with the use of such aquamedicines, comprising nonexistence of methodological acquaintance of agrarians about use of aqua-medicines.


Introduction
Aquaculture is one of the furthermost significant segments which performance a noteworthy character in the economy of Bangladesh in term of foodstuff, nourishment, revenue, and occupation and overseas exchange wages.In Bangladesh aquaculture is promptly dispersal in contemporary years, nonetheless cannot accomplish the aim production for numerous obliging features (Hossain et al., 2014).Fish disease is one of the furthermost frightening aspects (Subasinghe et al., 2000).Aqua medications are definitely indispensable constituents to magnificently accomplish the aquaculture, which have been formulas for epochs (Hossain et al., 2014).Practice of medications for the administration of aquaculture is extensively acknowledged.Efficacious aquaculture is nowadays contingent on the chemicals (Faruk et al., 2008) which have been used in innumerable approaches for epochs (Subasinghe et al., 1996).Aquaculture medicines are noteworthy constituents in well-being administration of aquatic creatures, pond manufacture, soil and water management, develop aquatic output, feed preparation, manipulation of reproduction, growth upgrade and dispensation and value addition of the ultimate product (GESAMP, 1997;Subasinghe et al., 1996).A diversity of further medications is likewise used in aquaculture for health administration of fish distant from antibiotics.There are more than a few aqua medications used in aquaculture for healthiness management.These incorporated sodium chloride, formalin, malachite green, methylene blue, potassium permanganate, sumithion, cypermethrin, glutaradehyde and tryfliralin.(Phillips, 2000;Hasan and Ahmed, 2001;Brown and Brooks, 2002;DoF, 2002;Sharmin et al., 2016;Hossain et al., 2016;Monir et al., 2015;Faruk et al., 2005;Chowdhury et al., 2015;Shabuj et al., 2016;Yeasmin et al., 2016;Rahman et al., 2017 andNeowajh et al., 2017).Additional widespread old-fashioned aqua-medicines encompassed Megazeo plus, oxy-aqua, paeicox ,Lisovit, Timcel, Raj-Fume, Oxytetracin, Eon fish vita , Bio-ox, Oralyte, Zeo-fish, Zeo-prime, Ecolite, etc. Tesmin, Emsen, Polgard, Virex, EDTA, Gypsum, Lime, Alum were used for the perseverance of pond soil, toxic gas remover and water superiority management.Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-A, Oxy-Life are widely used to increase dissolve Oxygen Level.Aqua-C, Aqua Boost, Cevit-Aqua, Rena C,Vitax-C, are used to growth supporter.These are far and wide used to counterbalance acidity, upsurge total alkalinity, escalation hardness in the soil and water of grow out pond, condense turbidity in ponds, chalets divalent and trivalent metal cautions etc. Bangladeshi aquaculture is escalating swiftly besides inclinations of expending supplementary aqua-medicines in aqua-health management.Nethermost of the agrarians do not recognize the applicable dosage in addition procedures of application.It has been comprehended that agrarians were expending these aqua-medicines deprived of knowing their effectiveness.This is attributable to nonexistence of information concerning the contemporary eminence and penalties of aqua-medicines consuming in aqua-health management.Aquaculture practices are growing progressively in Bangladesh.Consequently, tendency of usage of aqua-medicines is correspondingly snowballing.Particular mutual compounds consist of sodium chloride, formalin, potassium permanganate, potash, copper compounds, malachite green, methylene blue etc. (Li et al., 1996).Dealing by sodium chloride is a longstanding treatment for diseases of fish.It is customarily used for parasitic and fungal disease of fish.Formalin and malachite green are extensively used for peripheral parasitic disease and EUS of fishes.Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used for treatment of ponds water.It is virtuous for protozoan infiltrations on skin, gills and fins (Floyd, 1993).Frequently used elements in Bangladeshi aquaculture are lime, rotenone, innumerable formulas of inorganic and organic fertilizers, salt, dipterex, antimicrobials, potassium permanganate, copper sulphate, formalin, sumithion, melathion etc. Allowing for the overhead realities, the contemporaneous investigation was accompanied to categorize the varieties of aqua-medicines used in aquahealth administration and to distinguish persistence of using, applicable dosages and technique of application of aqua-medicine in fish culture at Jessore sadar upazila, Jessore, Bangladesh.

Study area and periods
The study was carried out at Jessore sadar upazila (Chanchra union), Jessore, Bangladesh, coordinates 23°08'31.6"N89°11'45.3"Efrom January, 2016 to May, 2016 to know the various types of aqua drugs and comical used for fish culture.

Target group
Data was collected from different target groups such as commercial fish farmers, small scale fish farmers and chemical sellers.

Methodology
Data were gathered through questionnaire interview.The surveys was self-possessed of in cooperation barred and exposed arrangement of inquiry.A set of initial questionnaire was organized in which the foremost matter of questionnaire were the label of chemicals, active ingredients persistence of use, techniques of application and doses extent, cradle, possessions on environment, effect on healthiness and production output.For the interview, modest random sampling technique was tracked.

Available disinfectants in market
The most popular disinfectants are Timsen, Pathonil, Emsen, Virex, Aquakleen in the study area (Table 2).The benefits of use of disinfectants in the ponds are to prevent different types of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases like gill rot, tail rot, dropsy etc. to maintain hygienic condition in pond equipment and floors and in some cases use to treat disease.

Available nontoxic gas reducer in market
Usually toxic gas reducer are used to remove the toxic gas like NH 3 , H 2 S, CO 2 , etc. from the bottom of pond, to reduce concentration of ammonia and to remove off odor of water and create hygienic condition in pond.The available toxic gas reducer were gastrap, gas stop, gasonex plus, ammonil.The active ingredients of such medicines were mainly sodium lorile ether sulphate, aluminum hydroxide, silicon di oxide, bacillus subtilis, lactic acid etc. (Table 3).

Aqua-medicine for improvement of dissolve oxygen level
For improvement of dissolve oxygen level, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-Gold, Oxy-A, Oxylife were used (Table 4).

Available aqua-medicines and market share of companies in the study area
Several medicines are available and their mode of use is also different which varies from company to company.Use of drugs and popularization assessment and percentages stated Table 7 and Table 8.

Problems associated with the use of aqua-medicines
During the present study some problems were identified like, aqua-medicines may persists and retaining their biocidal properties in aquatic system for longer period; it may create problem for non-target species; over doses may create toxicity problem of water; major concern the use of antibiotics in aquaculture involve the development and transfer of drug resistance to pathogenic bacteria from farm animal to human; lack of technical knowledge of fish farmers about the use of aqua-medicines; and lack of knowledge of fish farmers about residual effect and withdrawal period of aqua-medicines.

Discussions
For water quality improvement a number of traditional as well as aqua drugs were recorded in the market such as Geotox, JV Zeolite, Mega Zeo, Bio Aqua-50, Acme's Zeolite, Benthod, Ammonil, Aquakleen, Gastrap, Biomin Pond Life, Biomin Aquaboost, Zeolite Gold, Polgard+ and PondDtox were used.A number of authors also reported similar conditions about the use of antibiotics in aquaculture of Bangladesh.(Phillips, 1996;Brown and Brooks, 2002;Faruk et al., 2005Chowdhury et al., 2015;Rodgers and Furones, 2009;FAO/OIE/WHO 2006;Sekkin and Kum, 2011;Amit et al., 2017;ICAR 2016).According to the evidence of brochure delivered by animal health products above antibiotics were effective against bacterial diseases.Monsur (2012) observed that farmers used various aqua drugs and chemicals such as Geotox, Mega Zeo, Lime, Bio Aqua, Timsen, Efinol, Polagard Plus, Oxyflow, Oxy-A, Potash, salt, Chapter, Megavit Aqua, Aqua Boost and ACmix Super-Fish against fish diseases and health problems of their cultured fishes.MacMillan ( 2001) mentioned that antibiotics should be used only for the treatment of bacterial diseases.In a questionnaire interview, local agent of Novartis Animal Health mentioned that some of above antibiotics like Oxysentin 20%, Captor were also effective against EUS.Ali (2008) and Rahman (2011) also that antibiotic like Oxysentin 20%, orgacycline 15% were effective against EUS.Antibiotics were most effective when administrated at the early stage of disease.Aoki et al., (1990) also found that antibiotics were most likely to be effective when administrated at the early stage of a disease.Uses of antibiotics are responsible for environmental pollution and affected human health due to drug residues.Burridge et al. (2008) observed that use of antibiotics for aquatic animals might not only initiate environmental pollution problem but also affected human health due to drug residues.Disease is a foremost common incident in aquaculture, whereas Adhikary et al. (2018); Islam et al. (2017a); Asif and Habib (2017) remarks disease is the main problem of their respective research area.The constrains found in this investigation were biocidal properties in aquatic system; cause irritation for non-target species; excess doses; development and transmission of drug confrontation; nonexistence of methodological awareness about the usage of aqua-medicines; and lack of about residual effect and withdrawal period which is similar with the Vaumik et al.

Conclusion
The current study on aqua-medicine pointed out several hitches of using aqua-medicines.Unfortunately little attention has been paid on the documentation of aqua-medicines.As a result, there is a lack of information regarding the impact of those aqua-medicines.However, respective authority, policy maker, scientist and researcher should work together to reduce the negative impact of aqua-medicines.

Conflict of interest
None to declare.

Table 8 . Number of products of different pharmaceutical companies.
Faruk et al. (2008)14))observedslightlydifferenttypes of chemicals used for improving water quality of fish ponds like Geotox, Green Zeolite, Lime, Pontox Plus, Mega Zeo, Benzo, Zeocare, Bio aqua, Bis Zeolite, Super-Zeolite, Bio-Tuff, Acme's Zeolite, Aquazet, Fish Grow and biolite Plus.Moreover, chemicals like Urea, TSP, cow-dung and MP used mainly for increasing primary productivity in the fish ponds.Disinfectants are widely used in many sphere of aquaculture.They are mainly used to disinfect Pond and other equipment.It also used as disease treatment in some case.The chemicals widely used as disinfectants in aquaculture in Jessore district include Formalin, lime, Bleaching powder, Ossi C, timsen, Virex, Polgard Plus, Eraprim vet and GPC-8.Rahman (2011);Chowdhury et al. (2015);Miah et al. (2016);Rahman et al. (2017);Hossain et al. (2018)andRahman et al. (2015); observed that disinfectans were Polgard Plus, Bactisal, Virex, Biogaurd, Lenocide, timsen, Emsen, Aqua Cleaner Plus, formalin and bleaching Powder.Toxic gas reducer is widely used in many sphere of aquaculture.They are mainly used to toxic gas reducer Pond and other equipment.It also used as disease treatment in some case.The chemicals widely used as toxic gas reducer in aquaculture in Jessore district.Included gas trap, gas stop, pond D tox, Aqua magic, Ammolin Nil.Rahman (2011);Chowdhury et al. (2015);Dipu et al. (2014);Chowdhury et al. (2012);Rasul et al. (2017)andIslam et al. (2017b)observed that disinfectants were gas trap, gas stop, pond D tox, Aqua magic.To increase dissolve oxygen in fish ponds farmers of the investigated areas used several chemicals like Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-Gold, Oxy-A and Oxylife.Rahman (2011);Mishra et al. (2017b);Pathak et al. (2000);Chowdhury et al. (2015);Rahman (2011)andRahman (2013); observed that aqua drugs like Oxy-Gold, Oxylife, Bio Care, Oxy Plus, Pure Oxy, Oxymax and Oxy flow were used to increase dissolve oxygen.According to local agents of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Eon Animal health Products Ltd., ACI Animal Health and Square Ltd., Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio-Ox and Oxylife are used to remove hardness and poisonous gases from pond.To increase the growth of pond fish's farmers of the study areas used several growth promoter such as Aquamin, Acimix Superfish, Aqua-C, Megavit-Aqua, Aqua Boost, Cevit-Aqua, Square Aquamix, Panvit-Aqua, Cp-Vet WSP, E-Vet Plus, Vitamix FAqua, Rena-WS, Rena C, Rena Fish, Timsen, Vitax-C, Vitax-ES, Charger Gel and Bio-Permix(gold).The active ingradients of the mentioned products are Vitamin, Mineral, Amino Acid, Organic acid, β-Glucan, Binder, Aloe Vera and Multivitamin.Ali (2008);Chowdhury et al. (2015);Hossain et al. (2014);Sharker et al. (2014)andIslam et al. (2014)observed Aqua drugs like Megavit Aqua, Aqua Boost, Orgavit Aqua, Vitamin Premix, Aqua Savor, Grow Fast, Diginex, Aqua, Fibosol, Aqua Grow-P, Vitamix F Aqua, Cevit Vet, diamond Fish, AQ Grow-G, Nature Aqua GP, ACmix Super-Fish and Aquamin Powder with the active ingredients include Vitamin, Mineral, Amino Acid, Organic acid, β-Glucan, Binder, Aloe Vera and Multivitamin were used as growth promoter.Rahman (2011);Anwar (2014)besideAlam and Rashid (2014)was observed that aqua drugs used as growth promoter were charger Gel, Aqua Boost, Bio-Grow and Grow Fast.The entire growth promoter played a vital role for rapid growth of fishes.According to chemical sellers of study area aqua Boost and AC Mix Super-Fish also used toprevent diseases in fish.Faruk et al. (2008)observed that Aqua Boost and AC Mix Super-Fish also had disease preventing ability in fishes.About Five antibiotics with different trade names were used by the farmers in the study areas such as Aquamycine, Oxy-Dox-F 100, Captor, Oxysentin 20%, Doxy-A Vet WSP, Tetravet WSP, Moxilin Vet WSP, Renamycin Soluble Powder and Oxy-D Vet.