Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used by local society in Poncokusumo district , Malang , East Java Province , Indonesia

An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in district Poncokusumo, Malang, East Java Province, Indonesia for documentation of important plants diversity and information from local society. The indigenous knowledge of traditional local societywas collected throught structural and open indept interview, direct observation and personal interviews during the research. To better acessesto the extractive activities and the utilization of the plant diversity by indigenous people. Plants with their correct nomenclature were arranged by vernacular name, family name, parts used, ethnomedicinal remedies and ethnomedical use. The determination and nomenclature of the listed plants were based on the Flora of Java.A Total of 181species plants (68 family) determinate of Tengger and Java people existing in the region. Family ethnomedicine plants that have large members includes Umbelliferae (3 species), Apocynaceae (4 species), Gramineae (6 species), Myrtaceae (7 species), Euphorbiaceae (8 species), Fabaceae (10 species), Zingiberaceae (10 species), Solanaceae (12 species) and Asteraceae (15 species).The number of plants used to treat more than 60 diseases. The treatment done by a medicine man or shaman from Tengger people by ritual treatment with called “Suwuk” .


Introduction
Indonesia is an important country which has "mega-biodiversity" and its variety of culture becoming unique, attractive and having high potention resources that were not yet explored, known and exploited.These are all used for supporting people's life.The wisdom utilization of them can be functioned as the people welfare in the future.More thanthree thousand species and variety of flowering plants are reported from Java land Indonesia (Backer and van den Brink, 1968).Rifai (1994) reported at least 940 species of plants are currently being used in traditional medicines.Many of these species are useful as tonics and prophylactics to help keep the body fit.Besides the familiar microbial, fungi, algae resource, Volvariella volvacea, Usnea barbata, etc. Medicinal plants play a key role in traditional health care system for human and animals and most of allopathic drugs also comprise extracts taken from medicinal plants.According to Claudine Berthe-Frieberg in Waluyo (2004) describes as two basic approaches that must be considered in the study ethnomedicine follow perception and conception ofan object approaches and scientific fields.Ethnobotany methods done with exploratory surveys namely biodiversity in ventory drugs in the community.
Research can be integrated with technique for example Rapid Rural Appraisal (PRA), Particypatory Rural Appraisal and Rapid Ethnobotanical Appraisal (REA) (Cotton, 1996;Hoffman and Gallaher, 2007).Ethnomedicines acts as a bridge between botany and tribal knowledge regarding medicinal aspects of plants.
Tengger people added good knowledge and important ancient source of information on medicinal plants.The modern literature has further added to our knowledge regarding plant-based remedies.The total area of the district Poncokusumo is 209.888hectare, and has 4 villages.Tengger people in district Poncokusumo involved five villages viz Poncokusumo, Pandansari, Duwet, Gubuklakah and Ngadas and Java people has 2 villages namely Wringinanom and Sumberejo (Stibbe and Uhlenbeck, 1921;Batoro, 2015).In the east by the Senduro district, in the south by the Wajak district, in the north by the Tajinan district, and in the west by the Tumpang district (Fig. 1A).The district Poncokusumotemperature between 10°C -22°Cand has latitudes between 700 m dpl -1800 m dpl.In the Ngadas village (inclave) is Tengger people bounded Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP) (Fig. 1B).To protect the importance of medicinal flora Tengger people in district Poncokusumo Malang, Province East Java Indonesia conservation must be realize.This study was arranged to document and collect ethnomedicinaltibb and ethnomedicinal knowledge about the wild plants and agricultural of Poncokusumo distric-Malang city.

Preservation and sample collection
The research were arranged in order to collect information about the Ethnomedicinal tibb and ethnomedicinal uses of plants by the Tengger and Java people during 2013-2015 in district Poncokusumo Malang, East Java, Indonesia.Standard methods were followed with regard for collection of plant materials, drying, mounting, preparation and preservation of plant specimens.Herbarium specimens of medicinal plants in triplicates were collected, prepared and determinated.Plant spesimens collected identificated, preseved and mounted were deposited in Herbarium of Brawijaya University (H.Bio Unibraw) Malang, East Java, Indonesia.This study concerning about local people's knowledge about medicine (Ethnomedicine) in Poncokusumo district, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.Plants with their correct nomenclature were arranged alphabetically by local name, scientific name, family name, ethnomedicinaltibb and ethnomedicinal uses.The determination and nomenclature of the listed plants were based on the Flora of Java (Backer and van den Brink, 1968;Chinery, 1982;De Vogel, 1987).

Ethnomedicinal knowledge
A questionnaire method was adopted for documentation of ethnomedicinal knowledge Tengger society.The interviews were carried out from local community to document botany local name and ethnomedicinal uses.About 42 informants have been interviewed on random base (Cotton, 1996;Sheil et al., 2004;Waluyo, 2004).The indigenous medicinal plants having traditional knowledge (perception and conception) of utilization among the Tengger and Java societyhave been selected as reference speciments herbarium.

Results and Discussion
During the present study, ethnomedicinal data on 181 plant species was collected and preserved at Herbarium of Brawijaya University (H Bio Unibraw) (Table 1).From the total colected ethnomedical plants belonging to150 genera and 66 families which were recorded.Information regarding their vernacular name, botanical name, family, part used and their ethnomedicinal uses are listed below starting with local name, scientific name and family name, part used and Ethomedicinal uses.The results showed that part of the plant used as an ingredients medicine consistingof rhizomes, sap, roots, stem bark, leaf, flower, fruit and seed.Total of 181 plant species determinate of Tengger and Java people existing in the region.The indigenous knowledge and useful medicine of plants is magnificent and one species dancukan (Gardenia palmata) very toxic.Family ethnomedicine plants that have large members includes Euphorbiaceae (8 species), Fabaceae (10 species), Zingiberaceae (10 species), Solanaceae (12 species) and Asteraceae (15 species).On the other hand family importance e.g.Rosaceae (Pyrus malus), Araceae (Acorus calamus), Myrtaceae (Prunus persica), Musaceae (Musa paradisiaca), Caricaceae (Carica papaya, Carica pubescent), Apiaceae (Foeniculum vulgare).The number of plants used to treat more than 60 diseases.The necessity of traditional Tengger people'sknowledge driven by the needs formal life in their environment.Related to the needs they have to manage, used, controled and market.
The research of local knowledge should be followed with the knowledge of ethics, which in turn flows into the validity and regulatory framework.Local knowledge is the basic which is very useful to support scientific research (ethics) and as the key in the developingpolicies in plants with pharmacological value, ultimately for the national and international markets.The traditional knowledge of Tengger tribe about the medicine becomethe important and very valuable in the development of the pharmacology fields.
The less of government attention, foolishness, poverty, ignorance and lack of modern health facilities, so the most local people use traditional medicine in everyday life.Most of special Tengger people gain strength with mantra (suwuk), both in the compounding and the implementation of their traditional medicine.A knowledge of how public compounding medicinal plant materials are to combat against various diseases, although regional differences within a tribe into a traditional knowledge that very important.Recentlythe use of medicinal plants by the Tengger tribe and Java people beginning to be, due to less practical, especially on the younger generation.Based on the results of this study conducted on Ethno-medicine local people as follows: (a) Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants.(b) Compounding techniques of medicine, selection types of plant, organs and types of diseases.

Conclusions
An ethnomedecinal survey was carrying in district Poncokusumo Malang, Province East Java, Indonesia for documentation of importan plants diversity and information from local people.Total of 181 plant species determinate of Tengger and Java people existing in the region.The indigenous knowledge and useful medecine of plants is magnificent.Family ethnomedicine plants that have large members includes Euphorbiaceae (8 species), Fabaceae (10 species), Zingiberaceae (10 species), Solanaceae (12 species) and Asteraceae (14 species).The number of plants used to treat more than 60 diseases.The treatment done by a medicine man or shaman from Tengger people by ritual treatment with called "Suwuk".Qualitative approach (emic) must be followed research ethic with intensive, and phytochemicals present identity.This study can be references to Perhutani, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTS NP), local people, companies, and pharmacology for further development.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.A. Map of district Poncokusumo Malang, East Java and locations of study sites (TAMAN NASIONAL BROMO TENGGER SEMERU is mentioned as Bromo Tengger National Park (BTS NP) in this paper).B. Ngadas village is an inclave Village in Bromo Tengger National Park (BTS NP).