Socio economic impact, coastal land use pattern and livelihood status of Shyamnagar upazila, Satkhira, Bangladesh

Shyamnangar upazila one of the potential developing upazila of Satkhira district. Addressing social aspects is very important for any sorts of development effort. The best possible use of land resources; therefore, the socio-economic aspects of Shyamnangar upazila have to be addressed to gain optimum economic benefits from agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism and industrial sector. The socio-economic transformation of this upazila significantly depends on the performance of the agricultural sector. Besides agriculture, fisheries, tourism, industry, weaving and livestock farming are also playing vital roles in the socio-economic development of this upazila. Although this upazila has not yet been experienced in planned industrialization but, there are some small and medium industries which are contributing largely to the socio-economic development. Over the last 10 years, the socio-economic condition of the upazila is gradually rising. The growing of small & medium industries, business associated with agricultural products are the key element of socio-economic growth of Shyamnagar. Over the last 10 years, the socio-economic condition of the upazila is gradually rising. The growing of small & medium industries, business associated with agricultural products are the key element of socio-economic growth of Shyamnagar.


Introduction
Land is the most valuable resource among all natural resources of a country and holds a significant sense to human's life. Socio-economic condition, exceptional and multidimensional lifestyle, affluent cultural practice and geographical structure with various tourist attractions. Shyamnagar came into existence in 1897 as Thana and was upgraded to upazila on 1982. The upazila occupies an area of 1,968.24 sq. km. including 1485.13 sq. km Sundarban area and 483.11sq. km mainland, 13 unions, and 218 villages (BBS, 2011). The conventional standard of living and resourceful, exceptional land use pattern and cultural heritage have an incredible impact on the economic, social and cultural life of the society (van der Borg and Russo, 2005). Effective use of landuse policy regulates the efficient and ethical use of land for optimal and sustainable yield not only for the government but also land owner which help to increase the national productivity (Oluwatayo et al., 2019). Considering future problems due to land degradation, land zoning addresses various social problems of the upazila. It plays a vital role for many planning and management activities concerned with the surface of the earth. Therefore, information and diversified data related to land use are needed in the analysis of environmental processes and problems that must be understood if living conditions and standards are to be improved or maintained at current levels (Anderson et al., 1976). The concept of land use and sustainable land management evolve since the world population began to explode (Jerin and Ishtiaque, 2014). Knowledge about land use and land cover has become increasingly important as the nation plans to overcome the problems of haphazard, uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural lands, destruction of important wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat (Mohammad et al., 2007;Anonymous, 1976). For a small, populous country like Bangladesh, it is a foremost requirement to ensure efficient management of scares land resources. However, due to lack of effective policy planning, zoning and land use planning and regulation and lack of the enforcement of law and order, Bangladesh is embracing diversified threats and vulnerabilities to its scares land resources (Billah et al., 2018). Especially, due to rapid, uncontrolled and unplanned land use changes coastal areas of Bangladesh are facing sluggish socioeconomic development, threats of different disasters, environmental degradation and global climate changing process (DoF, 2005;Billah et al., 2018). It is claimed that about half of the coastal lands of Bangladesh face different degrees of inundation and thus limiting their effective use (Islam, 2006). It also warns that inundation situation is expected to worsen further because of the effects of climate change. This vulnerable coastal zone covers 19 out of 64 districts, where 30% of the total populations of Bangladesh live and more than half of them are poor (Parvin et al., 2009). Further, the population in the coastal areas is expected to increase from 36.8 million in 2001 to 43.9 in 2015, and to 60.8 million by 2050. Therefore, present per capita agricultural land of 0.056 ha will decrease to 0.025 ha by 2050 (Islam, 2006). Coastal area, which is one third of the territory of Bangladesh, have gone through major changes over the last half century largely due to frequent and diverse natural disasters with direct and indirect impacts on land resources and its various uses Mondal et al., 2018a;Mondal et al., 2018b). Land is being degraded and lost due to the effects of increased salinity intrusion, inundation of low-lying marshy land, floods and land erosion by the unplanned and haphazard land use of people (Ahmed, 2011;Grases et al., 2020). These unplanned and haphazard land use, along with salinity changing the traditional cultivation practices and replacing hybrid yields as well as shrimp farming in the coastal areas with a dramatically shift in the last decades (Haider and Hossain, 2013;Rahman et al., 2013;Prodhan et al., 2019). These dramatic changes in land use and shift of farming system in the coastal area have induced adverse environment impacts and hampers normal crop production throughout the year (Abedin and Shaw, 2013;Gopalakrishnan et al., 2019). Consequently, these impacts directly change the food and water supply scenario throughout the households and enhanced the hardship in their daily life (Rasel et al., 2013;Parvin et al., 2013). Following such socio economical land use conflict this study was conducted to assess the socio-economic setting and assess the updated people's perception on the implementation of land zoning; which social factors causes land degradation and reassess the socio-economic benefits of land zoning.

Study site
This research study has been carried out through an integrated approach with the participation of respective line departments, agencies local elected bodies and community. The detailed survey has been carried out to assess the demographic and social issue of Shyamnagar upazila, Satkhira, Bangladesh.

Primary data
A planned questionnaire was developed containing both the closed and open ended query to collect data through face-to-face interview with the respondents. The questionnaire was formed to obtain the relevant information considering socio-demographic condition, incomes, family members, factors affecting the livelihood of the respondents and other relevant question of the fish retailers. To collect group data; participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tool such as, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted with the farmers and stakeholders. FGD sessions were held on the bazar and other most gathering places where there was spontaneous gathering were found. In some cases, we have taken help of extensive field survey and personal observation by our research team members.

Secondary sources
The secondary sources of data were district library, Satkhira; different websites and journals; Upazila Fisheries Office, Shyamnagar, and district Fisheries Office, Satkhira.

Data processing and analysis
After collection of data from the field, interview, FGD and personal observation; the data were verified to eliminate errors and inconsistencies. The qualitative data were categorized and analyzed mainly based on descriptive statistical analysis using Micro Soft excel-10.

Resources in Shyamnagar upazila
Most of the people of Shyamnagar upazila directly or indirectly are engaged in highly fertile multi-types agricultural land. Shrimp cultivation has also occupied a significant place in land use of this upazila. The Jamuna, Raymangal, Arpangachhia, Malancha, Hariabhanga, Chunar River are the main rivers and the Bhet canal is another notable water body of this upazila. Agriculture has occupied the huge part of the socioeconomic activities of the upazila. This upazila has 3,994 cottage industries which are leading in the industrial sector. Besides there are 1,233 husking craft mills, 1,062 tailoring shops, 681 bamboo and cane industries, 618 wooden furniture stores, 148 handicraft, 47 rice mills (auto & semi-auto), 31 saw mills, 19 weaving/handloom factories, 13 dry fish processing factories, 8 potteries, 6 flour mills, 3 bakeries and 02 oil mills notable industries in this upazila (BBS, 2011) ( Figure 1).

Figure 1. Industrial chart of the Shyamnagar upazila.
Urbanization is closely related to the promotion of industrialization and service sector development. Heavy industrial activities are not prevalent yet, but the expansion of proper marketing channel for agricultural products like paddy, jute, mustard, wheat, and agro-based industry could be another promising economic feature for achieving the sustainable development goal in this upazila. It is reported that in some new residential areas are established not only at the periphery of the upazila headquarter but also in other areas of this upazila. However, planned urbanization is not significant yet in the upazila. The Shyamnagar Upazila has a rich heritage in terms of education. According to the BBS (2011) (BBS, 2011). These findings are also supported by some previous study from around the Bangladesh by Islam et al. (2014) in Jashore district ; Asif et al. (2015) in Jashore district ; Hossain et al. (2015) in Dinajpur district ;  in Satkhira district ; Rahaman et al. (2015) in Jashore district ; Sharif et al. (2015) in Jashore district;  in Patuakhali district ; Sultana et al. (2015) Vaumik et al. (2017) in Lalmonirhat district; Razeim et al. (2017) in Mymensingh district; Hossain et al. (2017) in Brahmanbaria district; Islam et al. (2017) in Meherpur district; Asif and Habib (2017) in Jashore district; Adhikary et al. (2018a) in Noakhali district; Mondal et al. (2018a) in Chittagong coastal area; Mondal et al. (2018b) in Chittagong coastal area; Adhikary et al. (2018b) in Jashore district. Although the expansion of education sector seems to be slow during last 10 years; but above mentioned educational institutions, recently established some Private Schools, NGO operated Non-Formal Primary School and kindergartens are playing an important role for the promotion of education as well as the socio-economic development of Shyamnagar Upazila.

Agriculture practices
Agriculture is determining a sizeable part of Shyamnagar Upazila land utilization. It is observed that real land proprietor/owner are not cultivating their land and giving their land to the local small marginal farmers as rent or lease. Consequently, the land is being intensively utilized and the top surface and fertility of land are decreasing.

Market places
The   Values agriculture is the leading occupation in this upazila. The study shows, the agriculture dependent population (34.17%) has decreased dramatically 30.81% in as 2016 compared to the 2001(64.98%). It is explored that the percentage of non-agriculture labor increases from 6.02 % to 31.67% in 2016. This is happening mostly due to the increase of salinity in agricultural land and unplanned shrimp cultivation. Apart from these, the changes have taken place in other occupation like transport and communication 1.58% to 2.67%, service 3.33% to 3.83%, industries little bit higher 0.61% to 8.50%, rent and remittance 0.40% to 2.66%, construction 0.94% to 1.50%. While the occupation like commerce decreases from 14.60 % to 11.33 %, other 7.54% to 3.67% (BBS, 2001) (Figure 3). These findings are also supported by some previous study from around the Bangladesh by Islam et al. (2014) in Jashore district ; Asif et al. (2015) in Jashore district ;  in Satkhira district ; Vaumik et al. (2017) in Lalmonirhat district; Islam et al. (2017) in Meherpur district; Asif and Habib (2017) in Jashore district.    Sultana et al. (2015) in Patuakhali district;  in Patuakhali district; Sharif et al. (2015) in Jashore district; Rahaman et al. (2015) in Jashore district;  in Satkhira district; Hossain et al. (2015) in Dinajpur district; Asif et al. (2015) in Jashore district and Islam et al. (2014) in Jashore district. Subsistence agriculture tasks, Peddling, Firewood collection, Domestic maid, Paddy processing, Irrigation and Water management But their participation is not up to the mark. Woman's participation could be ensured through (i) freedom of movement (ii) control over own income (iii) equal access to employment (iv) increasing literacy rates (v) ownership of Land and asset (vi) access to credit , involvement in local trade, association and market (vii) social commitment of educating daughter (viii) proactive participation in decision making (ix) domestic support for exercising rights and entitlement (x) participation in local, regional and national level committees (xi) expanding reproductive health programs and family support policies (xii) visibility and access to social space and participation in extra-familial group and social networks (Table 1).

Land degradation, social impacts and remedial measures of Shyamnagar
In order to make adjustment with an adverse effect of the fast growing population of Shyamnagar, the modernization of agricultural sector with proper use of land is mandatory. It is suggested that advance sciencebased agriculture with innovative use of soil and integrated farming system is required to achieve the sustainable development goal. But due to various socio-economic constraint, the massive trend of industrialization, unplanned use of land and environmental pollution; it becomes very hard job in this upazila. It is reported that the area of cultivable lands, along with the natural habitat of birds and animal species has been decreasing remarkable. Biodiversity in this upazila is also facing threats from various sources of pollution (Table 2).  , 2005). Shrimp culture has been largely extended also in Shyamnagar upazila. But this extension has not been taken place in a coordinated and planned way. Consequently, it is creating some adverse impact on agricultural land and reduces the social security and increases the conflict among different stakeholder. This is because politically and financially strong farmers exploit marginal and small farmers. Furthermore, the marginal and small farmers have to sell their agricultural land at a very low price and even sometimes; politically strong farmers capture nearby farmer's land without any compensation. On contrary, a very insignificant numbers of people are employed in this industry. According to field study, the exclusively agriculture dependent people are decreasing dramatically. In 2001, about 64.94 % people were lived on agriculture while it decreases into 34.17%. These trends are creating an undesirable pressure on rural livelihoods as well as socio-economic spectrum. Shrimps are cultivated in an unplanned ways in all unions of this upazila; however; the expansion is slower in Burigualini and Kahsimari Unions. Eventually, it creates various problem in the socio-economic area such as salinization of the soil, which decline the soil fertility; reduction in agricultural production due to limiting of agricultural land; decrease in cattle production due to the squeezing of grazing land; human health hazards, such as skin diseases and high incidence of water-borne diseases; damage of mangrove eco-systems and their biodiversity; and conflicts among the stakeholders group; agricultural labors are being unemployed; massive migration to the metropolitan city which creates pressure on slum and Family broken, early marriage, human trafficking and other social problems is created.

Effect of unplanned land use
The socio-economic condition of this upazila is gradually transforming agro-industry and small & medium industry which lead to the decrease of cultivable land and green space. Here the unplanned use of land is a common scenario. Inhabitants of this upazila have no idea about Land Zoning. Large-scale urban expansion occurred in the form of unplanned development in floodplains areas. Poorly planned land use contributes to the growing flood hazard and water logging (Pandey et al., 2010). There is no control of rapidly growing unplanned brickfields and dwelling houses have been built in the agricultural land. It has an adverse impact on the socioeconomic and cultural situation, crime, unemployment, social unrest etc.

Suggestions for sustainable land zoning
Shyamnagar Upazila is a promising upazila for its geophysical structure and the socio-economic potentiality. The potentiality in terms of agriculture, settlements, forests, water bodies, fisheries, industrial, infrastructural developments and, tourism makes Shyamnagar upazila significant for implementation land zoning. Always creating people's awareness on land zoning and ensuring people's participation and representation in Land zoning implementation. Advocacy and Social mobilization through advertisement in print and electronic media on land zoning and conducting public hearing about land zoning. Involving local government and local administration in the Land Zoning activities. Classification of land according to its excellence and characteristics for its optimum use and formation of a Land Zoning implementation and monitoring committee at rural level (Yusoff et al., 2014;Yusoff et al., 2016).

Conclusions
This study will help us to understand the socio-economic setting and finally discover the potential socioeconomic benefits of land zoning. Proper implementation of Land Zoning will open a new window for development of advanced transport and communication, development of small medium industry, tourism, digitalization of government service, reduction of land related conflicts, preservation of culture and heritage and so on. Additionally land-based social conflicts can also be reduced through developing a practical land zoning.