Update Dental College Journal

Self-Reported Side Effects of Different COVID-19 Vaccines in Bangladesh- A Vaccine Recipient Survey

Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: COVID-19 (Corona Virus disease 2019) is a newly discovered disease that originated in China and quickly spread throughout the world, killing millions of people and infecting many more. People have a new hope due to newly discovered vaccines for this fatal disease. However, the vaccines showed a number of side effects on the people receiving them. Nonetheless, it has proven to be helpful in providing protection against the fatal infection. Purpose: To analyze the probable side effects of the vaccines experienced by vaccine recipient and their belief regarding vaccine. Method: An online survey was conducted through different social media platforms and Email from 11 July’2021 to 16 July’2021. Ethical permission and consent was taken prior to the survey and data collections. Occurance and the extent of vaccine side effects were analyzed using descriptive and logistic regression analysis. Result: Among 175 vaccine recipients, 92 (52.58%) received one dose and 83 (47.42%) received two doses, with 93 (53.1) receiving SinoPharm vaccine, 78 (44.6) receiving AstraZeneca vaccine, and 4 (2.3%) receiving Pfizer vaccine. More than half of the respondents experienced side effects among which headaches (50.3%) and drowsiness (45.71%) were common followed by fever (36%) and muscle ache (32%). Female (P=0.000) and vaccine concerned group (P=0.033) experienced more side effects. Headache (68.8%), fever (40.9%) and drowsiness (50.5%) were more common among Sinopharm recipients. Fever (50%) and muscle ache (50%) were more common among Pfizer recipients while muscle ache (43.5%) and drowsiness (42.3%) were common among AstraZaneca recipients group. Conclusion: Headache, fever, muscular discomfort, soreness at the injection site, drowsiness, nausea, and other adverse effects are common with the COVID vaccination. Females are more susceptible to side effects than males, and the probability of experiencing them increases with the second dose. AstraZeneca vaccine recipient experiencing more side effects than other types of vaccine recipients.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2):3-8

Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of EDTA and Citric Acid in Endodontics

Atiquzzaman Khan, Rubaba Ahmed — Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Smear layer is formed by organic and inorganic components generated during endodontic instrumentation. Smear layer has many deleterious effects on the success of root canal treatment. So removal of smear layer is advocated. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and a chelating agent like Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) or Citric Acid is commonly used alternatively to remove smear layer. But the alternate use increase dentine erosion in root canal surface. This in vitro study attempts to compare the smear layer removal efficacy of 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid as a final rinsing solution. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted, single rooted and single canal human anterior tooth were used. Endodontic preparation of the root canal was done after grouping and access cavity preparation. Final irrigation was given with 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid to the test groups and distilled water control groups and kept for one minute. Photomicrograph of the root canal surface at 3000X magnification at coronal, middle and apical regions were taken with the help of SEM and scoring for smear layer removal was done. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and were compared with the control samples and subjected to statistical analysis by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests at 5% level of significance. Result: The test solutions removed smear layer but none could be removed completely from all of the three root canal regions. 10% Citric Acid removed smear layer better from the coronal and middle region but in apical region 15% EDTA produced a better result. The difference of smear layer removal efficacy of 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid with the Control solution was found statistically significant (p<0.001) but in between 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid it was not significant in all three root canal regions. Conclusion: Regarding the smear layer removal efficacy of 10% Citric Acid was found better as a final rinse solution.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2):9-14

Assessment of Various Mandibular Divergence Pattern or Vertical Cephalometric Pattern in Bangladeshi Adult Patients

Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction : Orthodontic diagnosis as well as the treatment planning of the patients are affected by vertical dimention of face. Lateral cephalometric radiographs are used by orthodontists to find out the norms of different skeletal, dental and soft tissue variables. Present study was undertaken with the aim to assess the various mandibular divergence pattern or vertical cephalometric pattern in Bangladeshi adult orthodontic patients.

Materials and methods : This cross sectional study was conducted with 120 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of Bangladeshi adult orthodontic patients who visited Dhaka Dental College Hospital (DDCH) for orthodontic treatment for the duration of six months. The angular measurement used in this study to assess the vertical divergence pattern or vertical cephalometric pattern was mandibular plane to anterior cranial base (MP-SN). Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 26 and statistical significance was set as p=0.05.

Results : The study result showed that out of 120 orthodontic patients hypodivergent vertical cephalometric pattern found in 26.6% patients having ˂27⁰ MP-SN angle and normodivergent, hyperdivergent pattern found in (45.8%), (27.5%) patients having 27⁰ to ˂ 37⁰ MP-SN angle and > 37⁰ MP-SN angle respectively. Sex of the patient was not significantly associated with the vertical cephalometric pattern (as p >0.05). It was also observed that age was not statistically significantly different between male and female patients within each mandibular divergence pattern and across the three mandibular divergence patterns.

Conclusion : Present study concluded that age and sex of Bangladeshi adult orthodontic patients were not significantly associated with different mandibular divergence pattern or vertical cephalometric pattern. In all the three vertical cephalometric pattern the MP-SN angle were greater in Bangladeshi female than Bangladeshi male patients.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 15-18

Consequences of Thumb Sucking Habit among School Going Children: A Cross Sectional Study

Huda Mannan, Anam Ahmed, Khandakar Nuruzzaman, Suman Hossain, Nusrat Tamij — Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Thumb-sucking, a non-nutritive sucking behavior, is a natural reflex seen in infants but can persist into childhood if not addressed leading to various dental and orofacial issues, including malocclusion, dental arch deformities, speech difficulties, and facial asymmetry. The aim of the study was to explore the consequences of thumb-sucking habits among the school going children. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved among purposively selected 124 school going children, aged between 5-8 years with their parents attended in the outpatient department of University Dental College at Moghbazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The data were obtained through a pretested structured questionnaire and checklist through face-to-face interview from parents regarding background characteristics, consequences of thumbs sucking and oral examination of children respectively. Then, data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 27 for descriptive analysis (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square test or fisher’s exact test) at 5% level of significance (P<0.05). Results: The study revealed that 77.4% of children aged 5-6 years and about 41.9% of parents reported that their child had thumb sucking habit. The thumb sucking habit was found to be statistically significant with start of age thumb sucking( p= <0.001), duration of thumb sucking ( p= <0.001), pronunciation of word clearly( p= <0.001), proclination of maxillary anterior teeth (P=0.002), asymmetry of face (P=0.002) and seek for dental advice or treatment(p=0.002). Majority of children (21.8%) start thumb sucking at the age 6-7 years. Only 8.1% of the children didn’t pronounce words clearly whereas only 5.6% had proclined maxillary anterior teeth, facial asymmetry and sought dental advice or treatment. Conclusion: This study found a significant association of thumb-sucking habit among children with notable consequences. It highlights the importance of early intervention and parental education and awareness regarding this habit's potential consequences on children's oral health and overall development.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 19-22

The Role of Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Vitamin E for Chemoprevention of Oral Leukoplakia

Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Oral leukoplakia is a prevalent oral mucosal lesion known to undergo malignant transformation, posing a significant public health concern worldwide, primarily attributable to tobacco use. This study aims to investigate the potential preventive effects of vitamins A, C, and E on oral leukoplakia. We conducted a cross-sectional study at the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, over a one-year period from March 2017 to March 2018.

Methods: Study Population: We enrolled a total of 43 patients diagnosed with oral leukoplakia attending the Outpatient Department (OPD) of the Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department. Data Collection: Patients were assessed at 6, 12, and 24-week intervals, during which data were collected using standardized data sheets. Lesion size was measured in square centimeters, and lesion color was recorded through photography. Adverse drug reactions were monitored based on patient complaints during follow-up.

Histopathological Evaluation: Histopathological evaluations were performed both before the study and at the conclusion of the study to assess any changes in tissue characteristics. Outcome Variables: The primary outcome variables of interest were clinical response, histopathological findings, and complications associated with the treatment.

Results: The study population had a mean age of 44.95±10.42 years, with an age range from 22 to 60 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. The average duration of the lesions was 14.81±4.82 months, with a range of 6 to 24 months. Lesions were most commonly located in the right buccal mucosa (41.9%), followed by the left buccal mucosa (27.4%). The mean initial lesion size was 4.08±1.95 cm², ranging from 1 to 8 cm². After 24 weeks, 11.63% of patients showed complete improvement. All patients initially presented with white lesions, with a reduction to 97.7% after 6 weeks, 88.4% after 12 weeks, and 69.8% after 24 weeks. Mild adverse drug reactions were reported in 11.7% of patients after 6 weeks and 2.3% after 12 and 24 weeks. Complete remission was observed in 11.6% of patients, and moderate improvement (41–90%) in 37.3%. Notably, one-third of patients experienced a significant color change in their lesions, and adverse drug reactions decreased during subsequent follow-up.

Conclusion: This cross-sectional study indicates potential benefits of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E in mitigating oral leukoplakia symptoms, such as reduced lesion size and color improvement, with fewer adverse reactions observed. However, larger, controlled trials are necessary to establish the definitive efficacy of this vitamin combination.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 23-29

Associated Injuries in Patients with Maxillofacial Trauma at Dhaka Dental College Hospital by Motorcycle Accident

Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Facial skeleton injuries are common in emergency departments and can cause physical and psychological distress. The mandible is the most commonly fractured site, followed by the maxillae, zygomatic bone, and nasal bone. Tooth injuries are also common. Although rarely fatal, these injuries may be associated with life-threatening conditions in other parts of the body.

Objective: To assess the other bony and soft tissue injuries along with facial bone fracture

Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dhaka Dental College and Hospital. Main outcome variable were age, sex, site, etiology, bony and soft tissue injury over the skin. Thirty patients with maxillofacial trauma who were attended to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery were selected for the study. Study Period: 10 January 2019 to 15 July 2019

Results: Majority of the patients were in the 2^nd to 4^th decade (80%) with a male to female ratio of 6.5:1. The motorcycle accident occurred with pavement 9 (30.0%) followed by 20% with truck, 5 (16.7%) with bus, 13.3% with motorcycle, 10% accident with pedestrian and 6.7% with autorickshaw. Mandible was the most commonly fractured facial bone (36.67%), followed by midface fracture (20.0%), Lefort-II (16.7%) and Lefort-III (13.3%). Closed head injury such as scalp injury were more 19 (63.3%) then linear fracture 7 (23.3%) and depressed fracture of temporal bone. A total of 23 (76.7%) patients were wearing a helmet at the time of the accident and rest of 7 (23.3%) had no helmet. The soft tissue injuries were significantly more in non-helmeted subjects (p< 0.05). Non-helmet subjects sustained more injuries as compared to helmeted subjects. The injuries were significantly more in non-helmet motorcyclists

Conclusion: The study found that males aged 21-40 were most commonly injured in motorcycle accidents, with motorcycle riders and rideshare businessmen being the largest groups of victims. Midface fractures were the most common facial injury and were significantly associated with helmet use. Protective gear was found to be low among motorcycle riders, particularly passengers, impacting the severity of injuries sustained.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 30-33

Skeletal Pattern of Bangladeshi Patients with Class II Malocclusion Attending in a Selected Private Setting

Saeed Hossain Khan, Nabil Ahmed, Tania Tahsin, Nihar Sultana, Md Golam Rubby — Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The term "Class II malocclusion" encompasses a range of dental and skeletal characteristics, making precise diagnosis and treatment planning challenging. This study aimed to examine 32 Bangladeshi patients with Class II malocclusion to evaluate maxillary and mandibular skeletal positions using cephalometric measurements commonly used in clinical practice.

Methods: Study casts and lateral cephalograms of 32 patients (17 females and 15 males) with Class II malocclusion were analyzed. Inclusion criteria comprised Class II molar relationship, the absence of craniofacial deformities, and no previous orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric measurements included SNA, SNB, and ANB angles, and data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: Among the patients, 53% exhibited maxillary skeletal protrusion, 43% had mandibular retrusion, and only 3.1% presented both maxillary protrusion and mandibular retrusion. Surprisingly, 31.2% showed maxillary skeletal retrusion, and 28.1% exhibited mandibular protrusion, highlighting the significant variation in skeletal patterns within this cohort.

Conclusion: Our findings emphasize the diverse skeletal patterns present among Bangladeshi patients with Class II malocclusion. The implications of these variations for treatment planning are substantial, as the treatment approach may differ depending on the underlying skeletal pattern. Given this diversity, individualized assessment and tailored treatment strategies are essential to achieve optimal outcomes. While this study has provided valuable insights, future research with larger and more diverse samples is warranted to further explore these complex relationships.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 34-37

Assessment of Most Definite Reference Point on Tragus to Mark the Ala Tragus Line for Orientation of Occlusal Plane: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

Md Mahbubur Rahman, Rozina Akter — Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to establish the most appropriate posterior reference point on the tragus of the ear for orienting the occlusal plane in complete denture prosthesis, addressing the existing confusion regarding this crucial anatomical landmark.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search identified 20 relevant articles, with 12 meeting the inclusion criteria as original clinical experimental studies. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the preferred location on the tragus for aligning with the Fox plane.

Results: Among the reviewed studies, 72.72% favored the inferior or lower border of the tragus as the optimal posterior reference point for aligning with the Fox plane. This choice was in contrast to the tip or middle point (18.18%) and the superior border (9.09%) of the tragus, which showed less tendency to parallel with the occlusal plane.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis, it is concluded that the inferior border of the tragus is the most definitive posterior reference point for establishing the Ala-Tragus line during complete denture prosthesis. This consensus can guide clinicians in achieving accurate occlusal plane orientation and enhance the quality of complete denture prostheses.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 38-41

Traumatic Dental Injury to Primary Teeth

Obehi O Osadolor — Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in primary teeth can significantly impact the quality of life of affected children, often leading to discomfort and pain. These injuries encompass various diagnostic categories, such as concussion, luxation injuries, uncomplicated crown fractures, complicated crown fractures, and avulsion.

Methods: In April 2023, we conducted an extensive electronic literature search across multiple databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, ResearchGate, and Google, utilizing the Population, Concept, and Context framework. Search terms and keywords were meticulously combined using Boolean operators. The screening of titles and abstracts of publications related to traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth among children was performed independently by three research assistants. Inclusion criteria encompassed original research articles, case reports, and case series related to traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth among children conducted in African countries. Review articles, systematic reviews, viewpoints, books, letters, editorials, book chapters, perspectives, and news pieces on the subject were excluded.

Results: Three independent investigators screened the full texts for inclusion criteria, resulting in the exclusion of twenty-six articles that did not meet the predefined criteria. Six articles were included, as they aligned with the aim of this review. All included studies were cross-sectional in nature.

Conclusion: Traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth are a noteworthy concern in children. The key recommendations include prevention strategies, prompt treatment, and continued follow-up within a dental care framework. The studies identified in this review encompassed data from five African countries. Further research involving diverse ethnic populations in Africa is essential to bridge existing knowledge gaps and contribute to the growing body of literature on this topic.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 42-44

Dental Tourism in Bangladesh: A Growing Opportunity

Md Ashif Iqbal — Mon, 09 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of dental tourism, wherein individuals seek dental care abroad, has gained momentum globally. Bangladesh, with its competitive pricing, skilled dental professionals, and cultural richness, is emerging as a promising contender in this flourishing industry. This editorial explores the burgeoning trend of dental tourism in Bangladesh, emphasizing its advantages and challenges. With cost-effective treatments and a commitment to quality care, Bangladesh is poised to unlock the full potential of dental tourism, offering a unique blend of dental excellence and cultural exploration.

Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 1-2